agrostology: …German botanist Johann Scheuchzer wrote Agrostographiae Helveticae Prodromus, a taxonomic paper on grasses that some authors consider to mark the birth of agrostology. Many systems of classification followed this brief beginning. The earliest were based purely on external morphology of the plant, but later systems take into consideration the results…

agrostology, the branch of botany concerned with the study of grasses, especially their classification. In 1708 the German botanist Johann Scheuchzer wrote Agrostographiae Helveticae Prodromus, a taxonomic paper on grasses that some authors consider to mark the birth of agrostology. Many systems of

Romania: National communism: …move their residents into so-called agrotechnical centres. As economic and political conditions deteriorated, the position of Romania’s minorities became increasingly precarious. The regime sought to weaken community solidarity among the Hungarians of Transylvania by curtailing education and publication in their own language and by promoting the immigration of Romanians into…

blood group: Coombs test: When an incomplete antibody reacts with the red cells in saline solution, the antigenic sites become coated with antibody globulin (gamma globulin), and no visible agglutination reaction takes place. The presence of gamma globulin on cells can be detected by the Coombs test,…

mass transit: New technology: …term automated guideway transit (AGT) is sometimes applied. AGT systems have been built to provide circulation in downtown areas (e.g., Detroit, Michigan, and Miami, Florida, both in the United States) and on a dispersed American college campus (West Virginia University, at Morgantown). The vehicles commonly have rubber tires and…

José María Arguedas: In Agua (1935; “Water”), a collection of three stories, Arguedas depicts the violent injustices and disorder of the white world as opposed to what he perceived as the peaceful and orderly existence of the exploited but passive Indians. Yawar fiesta (1941; “Bloody Feast”; Eng. trans. Yawar…

Palm Springs, city, Riverside county, southern California, U.S. It lies in the Coachella Valley, at the foot of Mount San Jacinto, which rises to 10,804 feet (3,293 metres). The area originally was inhabited by Cahuilla Indians; it was known to the Spanish as Agua Caliente (“Hot Water”) for its hot

Agua Fria National Monument, area of prehistoric ruins and petroglyphs, central Arizona, U.S., about 40 miles (65 km) north of Phoenix. It was established in 2000 and covers some 111 square miles (287 square km). The monument encompasses the riparian forest canyons of the Agua Fria River (a

avocado, (Persea americana), tree of the family Lauraceae and its edible fruit. Avocados are native to the Western Hemisphere from Mexico south to the Andean regions and are widely grown in warm climates. Avocado fruits have greenish or yellowish flesh with a buttery consistency and a rich nutty

Aguadilla, town, northwestern Puerto Rico. The town is a port on a wide bay formed on the south by the hills of Punta Higüero (Jiguera) and on the north by Punta Borinquen, the northwestern corner of the island. It was established as a town in 1775 and elevated to the royal rank of villa in 1861.

pulque: It is made from fermented aguamiel (“honey water”), the sap of any of several species of the agave, or maguey, plant (often called century plant).

Aguán River, river in northern Honduras, 150 mi (240 km) in length. After rising in the central highlands west of Yoro, it descends to the northeast between the Cerros de Cangreja and the Sierra de la Esperanza to the coastal lowlands, on which it forms a maze of channels and empties into the

Río de la Plata: Physiography of the Uruguay basin: …north to south, are the Aguapey, Miriñay, Mocoretá (which divides Entre Ríos and Corrientes), and Gualeguaychú. The important tributaries of the Uruguay, however, come from the east. The Ijuí, Ibicuí, and the Cuareim are short rivers but of considerable volume; the last forms part of the boundary between Brazil

raccoon: The crab-eating raccoon (P. cancrivorus) inhabits South America as far south as northern Argentina. It resembles the North American raccoon but has shorter, coarser fur. The other members of genus Procyon are not well known. Most are tropical and probably rare. They are the Barbados raccoon…

Aguarico River, river, northeastern Ecuador, rising south of Tulcán, in the Andes mountains near the Ecuador-Colombia border, and flowing east-southeast for approximately 230 miles (370 km) to its juncture with the Napo River at Pantoja. It is navigable for smaller boats. The Rio de Janeiro

South America: Sociological changes: Such groups as the Aguaruna and the Shipibo in eastern Peru have been able to take advantage of programs by which some Indians actually have become the landlords of mestizos. National parks and protected areas have been established for such peoples as the Yanomami of Brazil and Venezuela and…

Aguascalientes, estado (state), central Mexico. One of Mexico’s smallest states, it is bounded to the west, north, and east by the state of Zacatecas and to the south and southeast by the state of Jalisco. The city of Aguascalientes is the state capital. The Chichimec were the original inhabitants

Aguascalientes, city, capital of Aguascalientes estado (state), central Mexico. It is located in the south-central part of the state on the Mesa Central, 6,194 feet (1,888 metres) above sea level, on the left (east) bank of the Juchipila (Aguascalientes) River. Founded in 1575 and designated a town

Aguascalientes: …is the site of the Autonomous University of Aguascalientes (1973). Its annual San Marcos Fair, held each spring, attracts large crowds. Aguascalientes has several notable museums; among them are one dedicated to José Guadalupe Posada (one of Mexico’s best-known cartoonists) and a museum of contemporary art. Pop. (2010) 722,250; metro.…

Taizu was the leader of the nomadic Juchen (Chinese: Nüzhen, or Ruzhen) tribes who occupied north and east Manchuria. He founded the Jin, or Juchen, dynasty (1115–1234) and conquered all of North China. The Juchen were originally vassals of the Mongol-speaking Khitan tribes who had occupied part of

Shas: …Ashkenazi (Jews of European descent)-dominated Agudat Israel, another ultrareligious party, to represent the interests of religiously observant Sephardic (Middle Eastern) Jews. The Sephardim, including many who were not religiously observant, were attracted to the party, particularly in the 1990s, because they saw it as a way to voice their grievances…

Baltasar Gracián: …were clearly set forth in Agudeza y arte de ingenio (1642, 2nd ed. 1648; “Subtlety and the Art of Genius”). In defiance of his superiors, he published pseudonymously El criticón (1651, 1653, 1657; The Critick), a three-part philosophical novel considered by the 19th-century German pessimistic philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer one of…

sassafras, (Sassafras albidum), North American tree of the laurel family (Lauraceae), the aromatic leaf, bark, and root of which are used as a flavoring, as a traditional home medicine, and as a tea. The tree is native to sandy soils from Maine to Ontario and Iowa and south to Florida and Texas.

Ahuachapán, city, western El Salvador, on the small Molino River (with a hydroelectric station) at the foot of La Lagunita Volcano. Originally called Güeciapam by the Indians, it was renamed Agüecha before becoming the town (1823) and the city (1862) of Ahuachapán. A manufacturing and distributing

Twelfth Night: …Belch, and Sir Toby’s friend Sir Andrew Aguecheek—who scheme to undermine the high-minded, pompous Malvolio by planting a love letter purportedly written by Olivia to Malvolio urging him to show his affection for her by smiling constantly and dressing himself in cross-garters and yellow. Malvolio is thoroughly discomfited and even…

Agueda River, river, western Spain. It rises on the northern slopes of the Sierra de Gata and flows 80 miles (130 km), generally northwest, to the Douro River. For the last 15 miles (24 km) of its course, the Agueda forms part of the Portugal-Spain

Agueda River, river, western Spain. It rises on the northern slopes of the Sierra de Gata and flows 80 miles (130 km), generally northwest, to the Douro River. For the last 15 miles (24 km) of its course, the Agueda forms part of the Portugal-Spain

Manchester City FC: 2008 financial takeover: …Kevin De Bruyne, and forward Sergio Agüero.

Henri-François d’ Aguesseau was a jurist who, as chancellor of France during most of the period from 1717 to 1750, made important reforms in his country’s legal system. The son of Henri d’Aguesseau, intendant (royal agent) of Languedoc, he was advocate general to the Parlement (high court of

boneset, (Eupatorium perfoliatum), North American plant in the aster family (Asteraceae). The plant is sometimes grown in rain gardens and attracts butterflies. Boneset tea is a folk remedy for fever, and traditionally the leaves were wrapped around broken bones to promote their healing. Boneset is

Agui was a Chinese general and government official during the middle years of the Qing dynasty in China. The scion of a noble family, Agui directed Chinese military expeditions that quelled uprisings in the western provinces of Sichuan and Gansu. He also conquered Ili and Chinese Turkistan, areas

Agostini v. Felton: …Supreme Court’s earlier decision in Aguilar v. Felton (1985), which had reached exactly the opposite conclusion.

Grace Aguilar was a poet, novelist, and writer on Jewish history and religion, best known for her numerous sentimental novels of domestic life, especially for Home Influence (1847) and The Mother’s Recompense (1851). Aguilar was the daughter of Sephardic Jews. She was tutored in the classics at

Christina Aguilera is an American pop singer who emerged during the teen pop explosion of the late 1990s and experienced almost instant commercial success. Along with Britney Spears and Justin Timberlake, Aguilera got her musical start on the Disney Channel’s The New Mickey Mouse Club. After

Christina Aguilera is an American pop singer who emerged during the teen pop explosion of the late 1990s and experienced almost instant commercial success. Along with Britney Spears and Justin Timberlake, Aguilera got her musical start on the Disney Channel’s The New Mickey Mouse Club. After

Leopoldo Marechal: His first book of poems, Aguiluchos (1922; “Eaglets”), employed Modernista techniques in the treatment of pastoral themes. In Días como flechas (1926; “Days Like Arrows”) and Odas para el hombre y la mujer (1929; “Odes for Man and Woman”), his metaphors and images become more daring in expressing the Ultraista…

Emilio Aguinaldo was a Filipino leader and politician who fought first against Spain and later against the United States for the independence of the Philippines. Aguinaldo was of Chinese and Tagalog parentage. He attended San Juan de Letrán College in Manila but left school early to help his mother

Alien Tort Claims Act: In Aguinda, et al. v. Texaco, for example, a group of Ecuadorian Indians sued the Texaco petroleum corporation in 1993 for having caused severe environmental damage to their homeland through improper oil-exploration and waste-disposal practices. After years of litigation, the Second Circuit agreed (2002) with the…

Chile: The Radical presidencies, 1938–52: The Radical candidate, Pedro Aguirre Cerda, won with the support of a coalition of the left.

Andes Mountains: Physiography of the Central Andes: …cuts the eastern cordillera at Aguirre Gap (latitude 6° S). The Cordillera Oriental ends in the Amazon basin at 5° S.

Werner Herzog: …Aguirre, der Zorn Gottes (1972; Aguirre, the Wrath of God), follows a band of Spanish explorers into unmapped territory, recording their gradual mental and physical self-destruction. Jeder für sich und Gott gegen alle (1975; Every Man for Himself and God Against All or The Mystery of Kaspar Hauser) is a…

Lope de Aguirre was a Spanish adventurer whose name practically became synonymous with cruelty and treachery in colonial Spanish America. Nothing is known of Aguirre’s life prior to 1544, when he arrived in Peru and took part in the Spanish suppression of Indian rebellions and in the wars that

Native American music: Participation in art music: Similarly, the Spanish composer Sebastián de Aguirre included an indigenous Mexican dance called “Tocotín” in a book published in Mexico about 1650 on how to play the cittern (a type of guitar). In the 1700s, European composers such as Carl Heinrich Graun, James Hewitt, and Louis-Emmanuel Jadin produced operas…

Werner Herzog: …Aguirre, der Zorn Gottes (1972; Aguirre, the Wrath of God), follows a band of Spanish explorers into unmapped territory, recording their gradual mental and physical self-destruction. Jeder für sich und Gott gegen alle (1975; Every Man for Himself and God Against All or The Mystery of Kaspar Hauser) is a…

Jean Grolier de Servières, vicomte d’Aguisy was a French bibliophile and patron of bookbinders. Grolier was educated in Paris, served as the treasurer and receiver general of the French army in Italy, and in 1534 was named ambassador to Pope Clement VII. By 1547 he had become one of the four

Yakubu Gowon: Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi, the country’s new leader. Northern officers staged a countercoup in July 1966, and Gowon emerged as the compromise head of the new government.

Caucasian languages: The Lezgian languages: …in Azerbaijan); Tabasaran (about 90,000); Agul (about 12,000); Rutul (about 15,000); Tsakhur (about 11,000); Archi (fewer than 1,000); Kryz (about 6,000); Budukh (about 2,000); Khinalug (about 1,500); and Udi (about 3,700). The majority of Lezgi languages are spoken in southern Dagestan, but some of

Agulhas Current, surface oceanic current that forms the western boundary current of the southern Indian Ocean. It flows southward along the southeast coast of Mozambique and the coast of South Africa before turning eastward to join the flow from Africa to Australia. A small part of Agulhas water

Mantiqueira Mountains: …in the Pico (peak) das Agulhas Negras.

Mantiqueira Mountains: …in the Pico (peak) das Agulhas Negras.

conservation: Habitat protection: The Agulhas Plain at the southern tip of Africa is one of the world’s “hottest” spots for concentrations of vulnerable plant species. An area only some 1,500 square km (600 square miles) in size was found to house 1,751 plant species, 99 of them endemic. Whereas…

Cape Agulhas, cape that is the southernmost point of the African continent, located 109 miles (176 km) southeast of Cape Town, South Africa. Its name, Portuguese for “needles,” may refer to the jagged rocks and reefs there that have wrecked many ships. Another explanation attributes the name to

history of Mesopotamia: The Kassites in Babylonia: A king called Agum II ruled over a state that stretched from western Iran to the middle part of the Euphrates valley; 24 years after the Hittites had carried off the statue of the Babylonian god Marduk, he regained possession of the statue, brought it back to Babylon,…

agunah, in Orthodox and Conservative Judaism, a woman who is presumed to be widowed but who cannot remarry because evidence of her husband’s death does not satisfy legal requirements. The plight of the agunah has generated voluminous and complex treatment in Halakhic literature. Although religious

agunah, in Orthodox and Conservative Judaism, a woman who is presumed to be widowed but who cannot remarry because evidence of her husband’s death does not satisfy legal requirements. The plight of the agunah has generated voluminous and complex treatment in Halakhic literature. Although religious

Chaim Grade: Grade’s novel Di agune (1961; The Agunah) concerns an Orthodox woman whose husband is missing in action in wartime and who, according to Orthodox Jewish law, is forbidden to remarry, lest she enter into an adulterous union. In the ambitious two-volume Tsemakh Atlas (1967–68; The Yeshiva), Grade reveals Jewish life…

Chaim Grade: Grade’s novel Di agune (1961; The Agunah) concerns an Orthodox woman whose husband is missing in action in wartime and who, according to Orthodox Jewish law, is forbidden to remarry, lest she enter into an adulterous union. In the ambitious two-volume Tsemakh Atlas (1967–68; The Yeshiva), Grade reveals Jewish life…

Agung was the third sultan of the Mataram dynasty of central Java who brought his domain to its greatest territorial and military power. In the early years of Sultan Agung’s reign, he consolidated the sultanate by subduing the autonomous trade-based coastal states of Padang and Tuban in 1619;

Abulfatah Agung was the ruler of the powerful Javanese sultanate of Bantam from 1651 to 1683. Agung encouraged English and French trade but successfully opposed Dutch expansion into the area in the early part of his reign. In the 1670s, however, when he attempted to change the succession to his

Mount Agung, volcano, northeastern Bali, Indonesia. The highest point in Bali and the object of traditional veneration, it rises to a height of 9,888 feet (3,014 meters). In 1963 it erupted after being dormant for 120 years; some 1,600 people were killed and 86,000 left homeless. According to one

Mount Agung, volcano, northeastern Bali, Indonesia. The highest point in Bali and the object of traditional veneration, it rises to a height of 9,888 feet (3,014 meters). In 1963 it erupted after being dormant for 120 years; some 1,600 people were killed and 86,000 left homeless. According to one

agunah, in Orthodox and Conservative Judaism, a woman who is presumed to be widowed but who cannot remarry because evidence of her husband’s death does not satisfy legal requirements. The plight of the agunah has generated voluminous and complex treatment in Halakhic literature. Although religious

agunah, in Orthodox and Conservative Judaism, a woman who is presumed to be widowed but who cannot remarry because evidence of her husband’s death does not satisfy legal requirements. The plight of the agunah has generated voluminous and complex treatment in Halakhic literature. Although religious

biblical literature: Proverbs: The “words of Agur” (30:1–14) differs sharply in spirit and substance from the rest of Proverbs; it has much closer affinities with the Book of Job, stressing the inaccessibility of wisdom. There is no internal evidence, such as a continuous theme, to show that these 14 verses are…

Hadji Agus Salim was an Indonesian nationalist and religious leader from an upper class Minangkabau family, who played a key role during the 1920s in moderating the messianic and communist element in the Muslim nationalist movement in the Dutch East Indies. Agus Salim received a Dutch education

Agusan River, longest river in Mindanao, Philippines. It rises in the southeast and flows northward for 240 miles (390 km) to enter Butuan Bay of the Bohol Sea. The river forms a fertile valley 40 to 50 miles (65–80 km) wide between the Central Mindanao Highlands (west) and the Pacific Cordillera

Agustín de Iturbide was a Mexican caudillo (military chieftain) who became the leader of the conservative factions in the Mexican independence movement and, as Agustín I, briefly emperor of Mexico. Like many young men of the upper classes in Spanish America, Iturbide entered the royalist army,

José Agustín was a Mexican novelist whose prolific writings, reflecting an urban sensibility and the modern culture of youth, highlight urban violence and decay. Agustín was educated at National Autonomous University of Mexico and at Centro Mexicano de Escritores. He was a leader of Onda, a youth

José Agustín was a Mexican novelist whose prolific writings, reflecting an urban sensibility and the modern culture of youth, highlight urban violence and decay. Agustín was educated at National Autonomous University of Mexico and at Centro Mexicano de Escritores. He was a leader of Onda, a youth

Delmira Agustini was one of the most important poets of South America. Agustini was the first woman in Latin-American literature to deal boldly with the themes of sensuality and passion, and her poems have a force lacking from most Modernist poetry of the period. Her life ended tragically when she

robot: Industrial robots: Such machines, dubbed AGVs (Automatic Guided Vehicles), commonly navigate by following signal-emitting wires entrenched in concrete floors. In the 1980s AGVs acquired microprocessor controllers that allowed more complex behaviours than those afforded by simple electronic controls. In the 1990s a new navigation method became popular for use in…

climate change: Human activities: …to the climatic impact of human activities. Most of this attention has focused on carbon dioxide emission via fossil-fuel combustion and deforestation. Human activities also yield releases of other greenhouse gases, such as methane (from rice cultivation, livestock, landfills, and other sources) and chlorofluorocarbons (from

New Museum: It houses the Egyptian Museum and Papyrus Collection (Ägyptisches Museum und Papyrussammlung), the Museum of Prehistory and Early History (Museum für Vor- und Frühgeschichte), and parts of the Collection of Classical Antiquities (Antikensammlung). It is especially noted for exhibiting one of the world’s leading collections of artifacts and…

fungus: Annotated classification: Order Agyriales Forms lichens; thallus may be nonlobate; includes bullseye lichen and disk lichen; included in subclass Ostropomycetidae; examples of genera include Agyrium, Placopsis, Trapelia, and Trapeliopsis. Order Baeomycetales Forms lichens; stalked or sessile ascomata; includes cap lichen; included in subclass

coleopteran: Annotated classification: Family Agyrtidae (primitive carrion beetles) Scavengers of decaying organic material; inhabit damp, cool environments; dark-coloured. Family Hydraenidae (minute moss beetles) Small, 1.2–2.5 mm; found in brackish or intertidal pools and along streams. Family

chronology: Muslim: …done in ah 17 (anno Hegirae, “in the year of the Hijrah”).

Ah Kin, (Mayan: “He of the Sun”), the regular clergy of the Yucatec Maya in pre-Columbian times. The Ah Kin are best known historically for their performance in the ritual sacrifice of victims, whose hearts were offered to the Mayan gods. The chief priest (Ah Kin Mai) served in the various

pre-Columbian civilizations: The gods: …such gods as the young corn god, whose gracious statue is to be seen at Copán, the sun god shown at Palenque under the form of the solar disk engraved with anthropomorphic features, the nine gods of darkness (also at Palenque), and a snake god especially prominent at Yaxchilán. Another…

pre-Columbian civilizations: The gods: …combat with the death god, Ah Puch, a skeleton-like being, patron of the sixth day-sign Cimi (“Death”) and lord of the ninth hell. Several other deities were associated with death—e.g., Ek Chuah, a war god and god of merchants and cacao growers, and Ixtab, patron goddess of the suicides.

Chinese literature: May Fourth period: His “A-Q zhengzhuan” (1921; “The True Story of Ah Q”), a damning critique of early 20th-century conservatism in China, is the representative work of the May Fourth period and has become an international classic.

Lars Wivallius: …1632 and translates as “Ah, Liberty, Thou Noble Thing”) and love of nature (most notably the majestic “Klagovisa över denna torra och kalla vår” [1642; “Dirge over This Dry and Cold Spring”], in which the poet laments the season that he encountered upon his release from Kajaneborg).

Twelve Variations on Ah, vous dirai-je, Maman, K 265: …the French folk song “Ah, vous dirai-je, Maman” (English: “Ah, Mother, if I could tell you”), with the same melody as that of the English-language nursery song “Twinkle, Twinkle Little Star.”

Clarence Brown: The 1930s: Ah, Wilderness! (1935) was a well-cast staging of O’Neill’s slice-of-life play set in a turn-of-the-century small town, with Eric Linden, Frank Albertson, Mickey Rooney, Wallace Beery, and Lionel Barrymore as the Miller family.

Ah, Wilderness!, comedy in four acts by Eugene O’Neill, published and first performed in 1933. Perhaps the most atypical of the author’s works, the play presents a sentimental tale of youthful indiscretion in a turn-of-the-century New England town. Richard, adolescent son of the local newspaper

military aircraft: Assault and attack helicopters: …assault operations, led to the AH-1G HueyCobra, deployed in 1967 as the first purpose-built helicopter gunship. With its pilot seated behind and above the gunner, the HueyCobra pioneered the tandem stepped-up cockpit configuration of future attack helicopters.

military aircraft: Assault and attack helicopters: …HueyCobra was the McDonnell Douglas AH-64 Apache, a heavily armoured antiarmour helicopter with less speed and range than the Hind but with sophisticated navigation, ECM, and fire-control systems. The Apache became operational in 1986 and proved highly effective in the Persian Gulf War (1990–91).

Menes was the legendary first king of unified Egypt, who, according to tradition, joined Upper and Lower Egypt in a single centralized monarchy and established ancient Egypt’s 1st dynasty. Manetho, a 3rd-century-bce Egyptian historian, called him Menes, the 5th-century-bce Greek historian Herodotus

historiography: Economic history: The American Historical Association and the American Economic Association were founded together and did not separate for several years; it was common in American colleges for historians and economists to be in the same department. From the turn of the 20th century, however, the two disciplines…

Aḥa Of Shabḥa was a prominent Babylonian Talmudist who is the first rabbinical writer known to history after the close of the Talmud. Aḥa’s Sheʾeltot (“Questions,” or “Theses”), published in Venice in 1546, was an attempt to codify and explicate materials contained in the Babylonian Talmud. Written

Ahab was the seventh king of the northern kingdom of Israel (reigned 874–c. 853 bce), according to the Bible, and son of King Omri. Omri left to Ahab an empire that comprised not only territory east of the Jordan River, in Gilead and probably Bashan, but also the land of Moab, whose king was

Captain Ahab, fictional character, a one-legged captain of the whaling vessel Pequod in the novel Moby Dick (1851), by Herman Melville. From the time that his leg is bitten off by the huge white whale called Moby Dick, Captain Ahab monomaniacally pursues his elusive nemesis. Ahab’s obsession with

ice hockey: Early organization: …first national hockey organization, the Amateur Hockey Association (AHA) of Canada (which limited players to seven a side), was formed in Montreal in 1885, and the first league was formed in Kingston during the same year, with four teams: the Kingston Hockey Club, Queen’s University, the Kingston Athletics, and the…

Aḥad Haʿam was a Zionist leader whose concepts of Hebrew culture had a definitive influence on the objectives of the early Jewish settlement in Palestine. Reared in Russia in a rigidly Orthodox Jewish family, he mastered rabbinic literature but soon was attracted to the rationalist school of

Aḥad Haʿam: …his memoirs were published in Aḥad Haʿam: Pirqe zikhronot we-iggerot (1931; “Collected Memoirs and Letters”). His essays comprise four volumes (1895, 1903, 1904, and 1913).

vine snake: …to the genera Ahaetulla (Asian vine snakes), Oxybelis (New World vine snakes), and Thelotornis (African vine snakes); however, some authorities also place the genera Imantodes and Langaha in this group. African vine snakes, which inhabit sub-Saharan regions, are most diverse in East Africa. The five species of New World…

Ahaggar, large plateau in the north center of the Sahara, on the Tropic of Cancer, North Africa. Its height is above 3,000 feet (900 meters), culminating in Mount Tahat (9,573 feet [2,918 meters]) in southeastern Algeria. The plateau, about 965 miles (1,550 km) north to south and 1,300 miles (2,100

Aḥa Of Shabḥa was a prominent Babylonian Talmudist who is the first rabbinical writer known to history after the close of the Talmud. Aḥa’s Sheʾeltot (“Questions,” or “Theses”), published in Venice in 1546, was an attempt to codify and explicate materials contained in the Babylonian Talmud. Written

Maheshwar: …temples, and the palace of Ahalya Bai, a queen who selected Maheshwar as her capital in 1767. A 16th-century mosque is also of historical interest. On the opposite bank of the Narmada lies the early site of Navdatoli, where painted pottery and other artifacts have been excavated.

Maheshwar: …temples, and the palace of Ahalya Bai, a queen who selected Maheshwar as her capital in 1767. A 16th-century mosque is also of historical interest. On the opposite bank of the Narmada lies the early site of Navdatoli, where painted pottery and other artifacts have been excavated.

ahamkara, in Samkhya, one of the six orthodox systems (darshans) of Indian philosophy, the second stage of development of the prakriti, the original stuff of material nature, which evolves into the manifest world. In Hinduism the term also refers to excessive self-regard, or egoism. Ahamkara