Carabiniere, one of the national police forces of Italy. Originally an elite military organization in the Savoyard states, the corps became part of the Italian armed forces at the time of national unification (1861). For almost 140 years the Carabinieri were considered part of the army, but in 2000

Spanish Armada, the great fleet sent by King Philip II of Spain in 1588 to invade England in conjunction with a Spanish army from Flanders. England’s attempts to repel this fleet involved the first naval battles to be fought entirely with heavy guns, and the failure of Spain’s enterprise saved

Spanish Armada, the great fleet sent by King Philip II of Spain in 1588 to invade England in conjunction with a Spanish army from Flanders. England’s attempts to repel this fleet involved the first naval battles to be fought entirely with heavy guns, and the failure of Spain’s enterprise saved

Spanish Armada, the great fleet sent by King Philip II of Spain in 1588 to invade England in conjunction with a Spanish army from Flanders. England’s attempts to repel this fleet involved the first naval battles to be fought entirely with heavy guns, and the failure of Spain’s enterprise saved

pill bug: A. nasatum, native to northern Europe, has been introduced into North America. Armadillo officinalis (family Armadillidae), which attains lengths of 19 millimetres (0.75 inch), is native to southern Europe.

pill bug: The common pill bug Armadillidium vulgare (family Armadillididae) is about 17 millimetres (0.7 inch) long. The gray body, with its platelike segments, somewhat resembles a miniature armadillo, an armoured mammal that also curls into a ball when disturbed. A. vulgare occurs in dry, sunny places, in…

armadillo, (family Dasypodidae), any of various armoured mammals found mainly in tropical and subtropical regions of Central and South America. Most of the 20 species inhabit open areas, such as grasslands, but some also live in forests. All armadillos possess a set of plates called the carapace

armadillo lizard, (species Cordylus cataphractus), a southern African member of the family Cordylidae, known for its defensive body posture. This lizard is about 25 cm (10 inches) long. When danger threatens, it forms a ball by rolling on its back and taking its tail in its mouth. Protected by

pill bug: Armadillo officinalis (family Armadillidae), which attains lengths of 19 millimetres (0.75 inch), is native to southern Europe.

Skunk Hour: It is modeled on “The Armadillo,” a poem by Elizabeth Bishop; both poets dedicated their respective poems to each other. Composed of eight six-line stanzas, “Skunk Hour” is one in a series of confessional poems that characterized Lowell’s verse from the 1950s.

Lucine Amara is an American operatic soprano, prima donna of the Metropolitan Opera (Met) in New York. She was regarded as one of the finest lyric sopranos of her generation. Amara studied singing in San Francisco, where she sang in the chorus of the San Francisco Opera (1945–46) and made her

J.J. Abrams: …movies: Gone Fishin’ (1997) and Armageddon (1998).

Armageddon, (probably Hebrew: “Hill of Megiddo”), in the New Testament, place where the kings of the earth under demonic leadership will wage war on the forces of God at the end of history. Armageddon is mentioned in the Bible only once, in the Revelation to John, or the Apocalypse of St. John

Kurt Vonnegut: Vonnegut’s posthumously published works include Armageddon in Retrospect (2008), a collection of fiction and nonfiction that focuses on war and peace, and a number of previously unpublished short stories, assembled in Look at the Birdie (2009) and While Mortals Sleep (2011). We Are What We Pretend to Be (2012) comprised…

Anne Hathaway: WeCrashed and The Idea of You: …2022 include the family drama Armageddon Time, which centers on a six grader’s coming-of-age and addresses issues of privilege and racism.

Armagh, city, Armagh City, Banbridge, and Craigavon district, southern Northern Ireland. The hill fort of Ard Mhacha, around which modern Armagh city developed, became important in the 4th century. In the 5th century St. Patrick established his principal church in Ireland on the hill fort site,

Armagh, former (until 1973) county, Northern Ireland. It was bounded by Lake Neagh (north), former County Tyrone (northwest), former County Down (east), and by the Republic of Ireland (south and west). In late prehistoric times and at the dawn of history, Armagh was an important populated area in

Armagh: …consolidated the former district of Armagh with the former districts of Banbridge and Craigavon to form the new single district of Armagh City, Banbridge, and Craigavon. The former district of Armagh was located south of Lough (lake) Neagh and bordered by the former districts of Dungannon to the northwest, Craigavon…

Armagh City, Banbridge and Craigavon, district, southeastern Northern Ireland. It is bounded to the north by Lough Neagh, to the northeast by the Lisburn and Castlereagh City district, to the east and south by the Newry, Mourne and Down district, and to the southwest by the republic of Ireland. The

Ireland: Conversion: A 9th-century record, the Book of Armagh, includes a work by Patrick himself, the Confessio (“Confession,” a reply to charges made by British ecclesiastics), in which he describes his life at a Roman villa in Britain, his capture by Irish raiders, and his seven years of slavery in Ireland.…

brandy: …finest of all brandies, and Armagnac, from the Gers region. The sherry-producing centres of Spain and the port-producing centres of Portugal are also known for brandy. Greek brandy includes Metaxa, sweetened and usually darkened with caramel, and ouzo, colourless and flavoured with anise or licorice. American brandy, produced mainly in…

Armagnac, historic region of southwestern France, now contained in the département of Gers. It is a region of hills reaching a height of 1,000 feet (300 m) and is drained by the Gers and other rivers, which descend fanwise from the Lannemezan Plateau. On the slopes of its hills grow the grapes from

Jean de France, duc de Berry: …the Orléanist, later called the Armagnac, faction. After he was attacked by the Burgundians (1412), he resumed his role as mediator in the peace of Auxerre in 1412 and of Pontoise in 1413. Berry also helped deliver Charles VI’s unsuccessful cession plan (the retirement of two rival popes for the…

Armagnac: …made it possible for Count Bernard VII to play a major role in France’s internal conflicts of the early 15th century. The Armagnac party was formed in opposition to the Burgundians as a result of the murder of Louis, duke of Orléans (brother of the mad king Charles VI), by…

Ayi Kwei Armah is a Ghanaian novelist whose work deals with corruption and materialism in contemporary Africa. Armah was educated in local mission schools and at Achimota College before going to the United States in 1959 to complete his secondary education at Groton School and his bachelor’s degree

amesha spenta: Spenta Armaiti (Beneficent Devotion), the spirit of devotion and faith, guides and protects the believer. She presides over Earth. Haurvatāt (Wholeness or Perfection) and Ameretāt (Immortality) are often mentioned together as sisters. They preside over water and plants and may come to the believer as…

ArmaLite rifle, any of several lightweight, small-calibre assault rifles designed by the American manufacturer ArmaLite, Inc. The first ArmaLite rifle, the AR-10, was a 7.62-millimetre, gas-operated weapon with a length of 40.5 inches (102.9 cm) and a weight of 8.8 pounds (4.0 kg). It did not

South Africa: The National Party and apartheid: …to South Africa in 1964, Armaments Corporation of South Africa (Armscor) was created to produce high-quality military equipment.

Vlach, any of a group of Romance-language speakers who live south of the Danube in what are now southern Albania, northern Greece, the Republic of Macedonia, and southwestern Bulgaria. Vlach is the English-language term used to describe such an individual. The majority of Vlachs speak Aromanian,

Giorgio Armani is an Italian fashion designer whose signature style of relaxed yet luxurious ready-to-wear and elegant, intricately beaded evening wear helped introduce ease and streamlined modernity to late 20th-century dressing. The son of a shipping manager, Armani intended to become a doctor

Armant, ancient town in Upper Egypt, near Thebes on the west bank of the Nile River. It was the seat of a sun cult and was a crowning place of kings. The war god Mont was worshiped there in hawk-headed human form and also in his epiphany, the bull Buchis. Armant was probably the original home of

Julio Cortázar: …the Game”), was followed by Las armas secretas (1958; “The Secret Weapons”). Some of those stories were translated into English as End of the Game, and Other Stories (1967). The main character of “El perseguidor” (“The Pursuer”), one of the stories in Las armas secretas, embodies many of the traits…

Havana: City layout: …of the 19th century, the Plaza de Armas in Old Havana was the centre of Cuban life. Its most famous building, completed in 1793, is the Palace of the Captains General, an ornate structure that housed the Spanish colonial governors and, from 1902, three Cuban presidents. The building is now…

motion-picture technology: History: When this so-called Latham loop was applied to cameras and projectors with intermittent movement, the growth and shrinkage of the loops on either side of the shutter adjusted for the disparity between the stop-and-go motion at the aperture and the continuous movement of the reels (see Figure 6).

history of film: Edison and the Lumière brothers: …a state-of-the-art projector, developed by Thomas Armat of Washington, D.C., which incorporated a superior intermittent movement mechanism and a loop-forming device (known as the Latham loop, after its earliest promoters, Grey Latham and Otway Latham) to reduce film breakage, and in early 1896 Edison began to manufacture and market this…

armatole, any of the Greeks who discharged certain military and police duties under Ottoman authority in districts known as armatoliks. This police organization had its origins in Byzantine times, when armatolismos was a form of feudalism under which military and police duties were rendered in

armatole, any of the Greeks who discharged certain military and police duties under Ottoman authority in districts known as armatoliks. This police organization had its origins in Byzantine times, when armatolismos was a form of feudalism under which military and police duties were rendered in

armatole, any of the Greeks who discharged certain military and police duties under Ottoman authority in districts known as armatoliks. This police organization had its origins in Byzantine times, when armatolismos was a form of feudalism under which military and police duties were rendered in

armatole, any of the Greeks who discharged certain military and police duties under Ottoman authority in districts known as armatoliks. This police organization had its origins in Byzantine times, when armatolismos was a form of feudalism under which military and police duties were rendered in

Joan Armatrading is a British singer-songwriter, the first Black woman in the United Kingdom to make an impact performing her own compositions. First touted by the critics in the 1970s, she maintained a devoted audience into the 21st century. As a child, Armatrading emigrated with her family from

Joan Armatrading is a British singer-songwriter, the first Black woman in the United Kingdom to make an impact performing her own compositions. First touted by the critics in the 1970s, she maintained a devoted audience into the 21st century. As a child, Armatrading emigrated with her family from

armature, in sculpture, a skeleton or framework used by an artist to support a figure being modeled in soft plastic material. An armature can be made from any material that is damp-resistant and rigid enough to hold such plastic materials as moist clay and plaster, which are applied to and shaped

electric motor: Direct-current commutator motors: …supply is connected to the armature terminals such that a current enters at the positive terminal. This current interacts with the magnetic flux to produce a counterclockwise torque, which in turn accelerates the rotor. When the rotor has turned about 120°, the connection from the supply to the armature coil…

Armavir, city, Krasnodar kray (region), southwestern Russia. It lies along the left bank of the Kuban River. Founded in 1839, Armavir became a town in 1914. It is a rail junction on the line from Rostov-na-Donu to Baku. A branch line runs southwestward from Armavir to the Black Sea coast at Tuapse.

Peter Armbruster is a German physicist who led the discovery of atomic elements 107 through 112. Armbruster studied physics at the Technical Universities of Stuttgart and Munich (1952–57). He received a doctorate from the Technical University of Munich in 1961. Armbruster then studied fission and

Andrew Bird: …success continued with the sprawling Armchair Apocrypha (2007), which sold more than 100,000 copies—a considerable number for an independent release. In 2009 Bird released Noble Beast, and its debut at number 12 on the Billboard album chart marked a career high. He returned with Break It Yourself (2012), which found…

Armco Inc., American corporation first incorporated, as the American Rolling Mill Company, on Dec. 2, 1899. It was newly incorporated on June 29, 1917, and was subsequently renamed (using an acronym of the original) in 1948 and 1978 to reflect its diversified interests. Headquarters are in

Armco Inc., American corporation first incorporated, as the American Rolling Mill Company, on Dec. 2, 1899. It was newly incorporated on June 29, 1917, and was subsequently renamed (using an acronym of the original) in 1948 and 1978 to reflect its diversified interests. Headquarters are in

macular degeneration: Age-related macular degeneration: The most common form of macular degeneration is age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and the incidence of this disease increases dramatically with age, affecting approximately 14 percent of those over age 80. AMD is the most common cause of vision loss in the…

Hartmann von Aue: narrative poems (Erec, Gregorius, Der arme Heinrich, Iwein), two shorter allegorical love poems (Büchlein I and II), and 16 lyrics (13 love songs and three Crusading songs). The lyrical poems and the two Büchlein appear to have been written first, followed by the narrative poems—his most important works—in the…

Melvin Van Peebles: …the western Posse (1993) and Armed (2018), Mario cowrote, directed, and starred in the feature Baadasssss! (2003), about the making of Sweet Sweetback’s Baadasssss Song.

Carlos the Jackal: …network, which he dubbed the Organization of the Armed Arab Struggle (OAAS) in 1978. Carlos married Magdalena Kopp, a West German member of the OAAS, in 1979, and her arrest by French police in 1982 triggered a series of reprisals. Throughout the spring and summer of that year, France was…

scorpaeniform: Reproduction: The European hook-nose (A. cataphractus) lays up to 2,400 eggs inside the hollow rhizoid (stalk) of the kelp Laminaria in a compact, membrane-covered mass. Incubation is prolonged, possibly as long as 12 months.

armed force, constituent element of a country’s combined military services. Modern armed forces are commonly divided into specialized branches dealing with land, naval, and air warfare. The oldest battle accounts show the Egyptian king Thutmose III (1479–26 bce) using specialized infantry, chariot,

Elvis Costello: …the Attractions—This Year’s Model (1978), Armed Forces (1979), and Get Happy!! (1980)—Costello and Lowe developed a distinctive guitar and keyboard mix that was influenced by a variety of 1960s artists, including Booker T. and the MG’s. The most notable work of this early period—rockers such as “This Year’s Girl” and…

Armed Forces Day, public holiday observed in Egypt on October 6, celebrating the day in 1973 when combined Egyptian and Syrian military forces launched a surprise attack on Israel and crossed into the Sinai Peninsula, which marked the beginning of the October (Yom Kippur) War. (Read Britannica’s

Wehrmacht: Creation and structure of the Wehrmacht: The Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW; Wehrmacht High Command) was designed to exercise command and control of the three branches of the Wehrmacht—the Heer (army), the Luftwaffe (air force), and the Kriegsmarine (navy)—each of which had its own high command.

military intelligence: Armed forces: Information on a potential enemy’s armed forces—that is, personnel, training, equipment, bases, capabilities, manpower levels, disposition, readiness, and other factors pertaining to strength and effectiveness—is crucial for a nation that is about to enter combat. If the weaknesses can be exploited, then the…

Portugal: The Revolution of the Carnations: …300 officers calling themselves the Armed Forces Movement (Movimento das Forças Armadas; MFA), led by Francisco da Costa Gomes and other officers, planned and implemented the coup of April 25, 1974, which came to be known as the Revolution of the Carnations.

Mabel Keaton Staupers: …in eliminating segregation in the Armed Forces Nurse Corps during World War II.

Angola: Security: Angola’s military, the Armed Forces of Angola (Forças Armadas de Angolanas; FAA), includes the army, navy, and air force. The army is by far the largest segment of the FAA, with the navy and air force maintaining far fewer troops. The FAA was created by a 1991 agreement…

FALN, separatist organization in Puerto Rico that has used violence in its campaign for Puerto Rican independence from the United States. Although not formed until about 1974, the FALN had antecedents that can be traced to the 1930s, when the violent Nationalist Party under Pedro Albizu Campos

Chad: Civil war: In a reverse movement the Armed Forces of the North (FAN) of Hissène Habré, which had retreated into Sudan in December 1980, reoccupied all the important towns in eastern Chad in November 1981. Peacekeeping forces of the Organization of African Unity (now the African Union) withdrew in 1982, and Habré…

radio: American radio goes to war: …were programs produced by the Armed Forces Radio Service (AFRS), a wartime unit that broadcast on shortwave and sent recorded transcriptions of the shows to low-powered radio stations at outposts around the world. The AFRS also sent specially edited versions of popular network shows that had already been broadcast. Its…

Sierra Leone: Civil war: …for the coup, formed the Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (AFRC), which included members of the RUF, to rule the country; President Kabbah was sent into exile. The AFRC met with increasing resistance on all fronts: domestically, its troops were engaged in battle with militia forces loyal to Kabbah’s government; internationally,…

United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces, court created by the Congress of the United States in 1950 as the highest court for military personnel. It hears appeals of cases originally adjudicated in military tribunals, which are presided over by commissioned officers or military judges.

Armed Islamic Group, Algerian militant group. It was formed in 1992 after the government nullified the likely victory of the Islamic Salvation Front in 1991 legislative elections and was fueled by the repatriation of numerous Algerian Islamists who had fought in the Afghan War (1978–92). The GIA

police: Firearms and explosives: …Zealand only the members of Armed Offenders Squads (AOS), which were established in 1964 after the fatal shooting of four police officers, are allowed to carry and use firearms. Each AOS is staffed with part-time police volunteers drawn from all branches of the police, and the squads operate only on…

armed robbery, in criminal law, aggravated form of theft that involves the use of a lethal weapon to perpetrate violence or the threat of violence (intimidation) against a victim. Armed robbery is a serious crime and can permanently traumatize its victims, both physically and psychologically. It

Baltic states: German occupation: Waffen-SS—that is, frontline divisions serving on the Eastern Front—were also organized. Estonia contributed one such unit and Latvia two. In 1944 a Lithuanian home defense unit was organized, but dislocations and German failure to honour promises to the organizers about its functions led to its…

National Liberation Front: …Algerian war for independence, the National Liberation Army (Armée de Libération Nationale [ALN]), under the command of Col. Houari Boumedienne, acted as the military arm of the FLN. From camps stationed behind Tunisian and Moroccan borders, the ALN’s external contingent provided logistical support and weaponry to ALN forces within the…

Édouard Detaille: …a profusely illustrated two-volume work, The French Army. His paintings of the Franco-German War (e.g., The Defense of Champigny, 1879) made him famous. His most characteristic works, however, infused with legend and sentiment, are his pictures of Napoleon I and his armies. Detaille also painted some portraits and nonmilitary subjects…

France: The Reign of Terror: About 50 such armées révolutionnaires came into being as ambulatory instruments of the Terror in the provinces. Fraternizing with peasants and artisans in the hinterland, these forces helped raise revolutionary enthusiasm but ultimately left such village sansculottes vulnerable to the wrath of the wealthy citizens whom they harassed.

Raoul Salan: …Organisation de l’Armée Secrète (OAS; Secret Army Organization), in a campaign of terror against the government of Charles de Gaulle in both France and Algeria before being captured, tried, and imprisoned.

Heinrich Mann: … trilogy—consisting of Die Armen (1917; The Poor); Der Untertan (1918; The Patrioteer); and Der Kopf (1925; The Chief)—carries even further his indictment of the social types produced by the authoritarian state. These novels were accompanied by essays attacking the arrogance of authority and the subservience of the subjects. A lighter…

From Russia with Love: …station chief, Kerim Bey (Pedro Armendáriz), a charismatic man with seemingly endless connections to people in the espionage world. Bond continues to work with Romanova, unaware that she is being used as a pawn by the secret criminal organization SPECTRE, where her superior in Soviet intelligence, Rosa Klebb (Lotte…

Mercedarian: In 1880, however, Pedro Armengol Valenzuela became master general, revised their constitution, and guided the order to educational, charitable, and social work, activities which the Mercedarians continued to pursue in the 20th century.

Armenia, landlocked country of Transcaucasia, lying just south of the great mountain range of the Caucasus and fronting the northwestern extremity of Asia. To the north and east Armenia is bounded by Georgia and Azerbaijan, while its neighbours to the southeast and west are, respectively, Iran and

Armenia, city, capital of Quindío departamento, west-central Colombia. It lies on the western slopes of the Cordillera Central at an elevation of 4,865 feet (1,483 metres), between the Espejo and Quindío rivers. The city lies along a spur of the railway from Puerto Berrío to Popayán and is the

Little Armenia, kingdom established in Cilicia, on the southeast coast of Anatolia, by the Armenian Rubenid dynasty in the 12th century. The Rubenids ruled first as barons and then, from 1199 to 1226, as kings of Cilicia. Thereafter the family of Oshin, another Armenian noble, ruled as the Hethumid

horizontally striped red-blue-orange national flag. Its width-to-length proportion is 1 to 2.Long without an independent state of their own, 19th-century Armenians also lacked a national flag around which they could rally to support their language and culture. Armenians in exile in France looked to

Armenia: History of Armenia: The Armenians, an Indo-European people, first appear in history shortly after the end of the 7th century bce. Driving some of the ancient population to the east of Mount Ararat, where they were known to the Greeks as…

Armenia, landlocked country of Transcaucasia, lying just south of the great mountain range of the Caucasus and fronting the northwestern extremity of Asia. To the north and east Armenia is bounded by Georgia and Azerbaijan, while its neighbours to the southeast and west are, respectively, Iran and

Armenian, member of a people with an ancient culture who originally lived in the region known as Armenia, which comprised what are now northeastern Turkey and the Republic of Armenia. Although some remain in Turkey, more than three million Armenians live in the republic; large numbers also live in

Armenian alphabet, The Armenian alphabet.script developed for the Armenian language in the 5th century ad and still in use. It was probably derived from the Pahlavi alphabet of Persia, with some Greek influences. According to local tradition, the Armenian alphabet was invented in 405 by Mesrop

Armenian Apostolic Church, independent Oriental Orthodox Christian church and the national church of Armenia. According to tradition, Armenia was evangelized by the apostles Bartholomew and Thaddeus. Armenia became the first country to adopt Christianity about 300 ce, when St. Gregory the

pottery: Turkish: …innovation is the use of Armenian bole (sealing-wax red), a thick pigment that stands out in slight relief from the surface of the vessel.

Armenian Catholic Church, an Eastern-rite member of the Roman Catholic church. The Armenians embraced Christianity about ad 300 and were the first people to do so as a nation. About 50 years after the Council of Chalcedon (451), the Armenians repudiated the Christological decisions of the council

Armenian chant, vocal music of the Armenian Apostolic Church and the religious poetry that serves as its texts. Armenia was Christianized quite early by missionaries from Syria and Greek-speaking areas of the eastern Mediterranean and accepted Christianity as the state religion about ad 300. The

Armenian Apostolic Church, independent Oriental Orthodox Christian church and the national church of Armenia. According to tradition, Armenia was evangelized by the apostles Bartholomew and Thaddeus. Armenia became the first country to adopt Christianity about 300 ce, when St. Gregory the

Armenian Genocide, campaign of deportation and mass killing conducted against the Armenian subjects of the Ottoman Empire by the Young Turk government during World War I (1914–18). Armenians charge that the campaign was a deliberate attempt to destroy the Armenian people and, thus, an act of

Armenian Highland, mountainous region of western Asia. It lies mainly in Turkey, occupies all of Armenia, and includes southern Georgia, western Azerbaijan, and northwestern Iran. The highland covers almost 154,400 square miles (400,000 square km). The average elevation of the Armenian Highland is

Armenian language, language that forms a separate branch of the Indo-European language family; it was once erroneously considered a dialect of Iranian. In the early 21st century the Armenian language is spoken by some 6.7 million individuals. The majority (about 3.4 million) of these live in

Armenian literature, body of writings in the Armenian language. There is evidence that a pagan oral literature existed in Armenia before the invention of the Armenian alphabet in the 5th century ce, but, owing to the zeal of the early Christian priests, little of this was preserved. For about a

Armenian Genocide, campaign of deportation and mass killing conducted against the Armenian subjects of the Ottoman Empire by the Young Turk government during World War I (1914–18). Armenians charge that the campaign was a deliberate attempt to destroy the Armenian people and, thus, an act of

Armenia: Nagorno-Karabakh conflict: …a popular democratic organization, the Armenian National Movement (ANM). In the 1990 elections the ANM won a majority in parliament. Armenia declared sovereignty on August 23, 1990, and independence on September 23, 1991. In October Levon Ter-Petrosyan was elected the first president of Armenia.

oak: Major species and uses: Other cultivated ornamentals are the Armenian, or pontic, oak (Q. pontica), chestnut-leaved oak (Q. castaneaefolia), golden oak (Q. alnifolia), Holm, or holly, oak (Q. ilex), Italian oak (Q. frainetto), Lebanon oak (Q. libani), Macedonian oak

Armenian rite, the system of liturgical practices and discipline observed by both the Armenian Apostolic (Orthodox) Church and the Armenian Catholics. The Armenians, who regard themselves as the “first Christian nation,” were converted to Christianity by St. Gregory the Illuminator about ad 300.

Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia (ASALA), terrorist group formed in 1975 to force Turkey to admit its guilt for the Armenian Genocide of 1915–16. At its founding, the group’s stated goals were to force the Turkish government to acknowledge the genocide, pay reparations, and

Nikol Pashinyan: Early life, education, and journalistic career: The paper was succeeded by The Armenian Times (Haykakan Zhamanak), and Pashinyan served as its first editor in chief until 2008 (and remained the nominal editor in chief until 2012).