English literature: The last Renaissance dramatists: …and popular comedies, such as The Antipodes (1640) and A Jovial Crew (produced 1641, printed 1652), poke fun at all levels of society and include caustic and occasionally libelous humor. The outbreak of fighting in 1642 forced the playhouses to close, but this was not because the theater had become…

Nicanor Parra: …time, the originator of so-called antipoetry (poetry that opposes traditional poetic techniques or styles).

Antipolo, city, central Luzon, Philippines. Lying 12 miles (19 km) east of Manila in the Sierra Madre foothills, it was founded in 1578. Antipolo is the home of the icon of Nuestra Señora de la Paz y Buen Viaje (“Our Lady of Peace and Safe Voyage”). The icon, after repeated safe journeys between

antipope, in the Roman Catholic church, one who opposes the legitimately elected bishop of Rome, endeavours to secure the papal throne, and to some degree succeeds materially in the attempt. This abstract definition is necessarily broad and does not reckon with the complexity of individual cases.

antiprogestin, any substance that blocks the synthesis or action of the hormone progesterone. Antiprogestins are used for contraception, labour induction, and treatment of endometriosis and breast cancer. Mifepristone was the first antiprogestin to be described and was marketed under various trade

John Bainbridge: …signs of impending disaster, in Antiprognosticon (1642) he recanted and vigorously denounced astrological superstition that based predictions on conjunctions of the planets and appearances of comets. His other publication includes the translation of ancient Greek astronomical works: Procli Sphaera et Ptolomaei de Hypothesibus Planetarum (1620; “The Sphere of Proclus and…

antiproton, subatomic particle of the same mass as a proton but having a negative electric charge and oppositely directed magnetic moment. It is the proton’s antiparticle. Antiprotons were first produced and identified in 1955 by Emilio Segrè, Owen Chamberlain (for which they received the Nobel

antiprotozoal drug, any agent that kills or inhibits the growth of organisms known as protozoans. Protozoans cause a variety of diseases, including malaria and Chagas’ disease. While protozoans typically are microscopic, they are similar to plants and animals in that they are eukaryotes and thus

deinstitutionalization: Psychiatric deinstitutionalization: …also influenced by the so-called antipsychiatry movement. From 1950 to 1970 the movement emphasized the role that social factors played in psychological disorders. It focused on social pathologies and on the deindividualization of mental illness (abandonment of individual values in an effort to identify with one’s society). At the same…

antipsychotic drug, any agent used in the treatment of psychosis, a form of mental illness. Psychoses can affect cognitive processes such as judgment and frequently cause delusions and hallucinations. The most widely known psychosis is schizophrenia. Effective treatments for some forms of

Tobruk, port, northeastern Libya. It was the site of Antipyrgos, an ancient Greek agricultural colony, and thereafter a Roman fortress guarding the Cyrenaican frontier. The town later became a way station on the coastal caravan route. Because it is Libya’s only natural harbour, Tobruk was occupied

Ludwig Knorr: …a German chemist who discovered antipyrine.

roman script, in calligraphy, script based upon the clear, orderly Carolingian writing that Italian humanists mistook for the ancient Roman script used at the time of Cicero (1st century bc). They used the term roman to distinguish this supposedly classical style from black-letter and national

art market: The rise of the antique: This spirit of antiquarianism affected silverwork in London during the Regency period: Rundell, Bridge and Rundell, England’s leading silver manufacturer, built up a huge stock of old silver to use as a design source for their products. The interest in antiques also led to the emergence of dealers…

subatomic particle: Quarks and antiquarks: The baryons and mesons are complex subatomic particles built from more-elementary objects, the quarks. Six types of quark, together with their corresponding antiquarks, are necessary to account for all the known hadrons. The six varieties, or “flavours,” of quark have acquired the names up,…

antique, a relic or old object having aesthetic, historic, and financial value. Formerly, it referred only to the remains of the classical cultures of Greece and Rome; gradually, decorative arts—courtly, bourgeois, and peasant—of all past eras and places came to be considered antique. Antiques have

papermaking: Book paper: …comes in four finishes: (1) antique or eggshell, (2) machine finish, MF, (3) English finish, EF, and (4) supercalendered. Antique has the roughest surface. High bulking pulps, such as soda pulp, are used and only slightly beaten in stock preparation. The sheet is lightly calendered (pressed between rollers) to provide…

forgery: Instances of literary forgery: (“Antique”) Smith, who was responsible for forgeries of Robert Burns, Sir Walter Scott, Mary Stuart, and other persons from Scottish literature and history—a feat that ultimately earned him 12 months’ imprisonment.

The Antiquities of the Jews, an account of Jewish history from its early beginnings to the revolt against Rome in ad 66, written in Greek in about ad 93 by Flavius Josephus, a general in the Jewish army who defected to Rome. His writings are not always accepted as totally

Marcus Terentius Varro: …the second part of his Antiquitates rerum humanarum et divinarum (“Antiquities of Human and Divine Things”). Under the second triumvirate Varro was outlawed by Mark Antony, and his books were burned, but his property was later restored by Augustus. He spent the rest of his life in study and writing.

Joachim du Bellay: …of ancient Rome in the Antiquités de Rome and to melancholy satire in his finest work, the Regrets (both published after his return to France in 1558).

museum: Museums of antiquities: In France the Museum of National Antiquities opened at Saint-Germain-en-Laye late in the 18th century. It still acts as a national archaeological repository, as does the State Historical Museum in Stockholm, which houses material recovered as early as the 17th century. The national archaeological museum in Greece was…

Cynthia Ozick: In Antiquities (2021), a retiree looks back on his youth, including his time at boarding school.

art market: …such as textiles, curiosities, and antiquities.

museum: Museums of antiquities: …of the Black Sea, four archaeological museums were opened, at Feodosiya, Kerch, Nikolayev, and Odessa (all now located in Ukraine). The Museum of Northern Antiquities was opened in Copenhagen in 1819 (it was there that its first director, Christian Jürgensen Thomsen, developed the three-part system of classifying prehistory into the…

Dresden Codex: …Edward King, Viscount Kingsborough, in Antiquities of Mexico (1830–48). King erroneously attributed the codex to the Aztecs. The first scientific edition of the codex was made by E. Förstemann (Leipzig, 1880). See also Madrid Codex; Paris Codex.

al-Hamdānī: His encyclopaedia Al-Iklīl (“The Crown”; Eng. trans. of vol. 8 by N.A. Faris as The Antiquities of South Arabia) and his other writings are a major source of information on Arabia, providing a valuable anthology of South Arabian poetry as well as much genealogical, topographical, and historical…

The Antiquities of the Jews, an account of Jewish history from its early beginnings to the revolt against Rome in ad 66, written in Greek in about ad 93 by Flavius Josephus, a general in the Jewish army who defected to Rome. His writings are not always accepted as totally

Sir William Dugdale: …other important works are the Antiquities of Warwickshire (1656), which became a model for large-scale county histories, and The Baronage of England (1675–76). He was knighted in 1667.

rabies: …then receive a dose of antirabies serum. Serum is derived from horses or humans that have been immunized with attenuated rabies virus; it provides the patient with already prepared antibodies against the rabies antigen. The treatment is effective if given within 24 hours after exposure but has little, if any,…

philosophy of religion: Realism and antirealism:

quark: Quark colours: …to quarks, and their opposites, antired, antigreen, and antiblue, are ascribed to antiquarks. According to QCD, all combinations of quarks must contain mixtures of these imaginary colours that cancel out one another, with the resulting particle having no net colour. A baryon, for example, always consists of a combination of…

solar cell: Solar cell structure and operation: …through an optical coating, or antireflection layer, that minimizes the loss of light by reflection; it effectively traps the light falling on the solar cell by promoting its transmission to the energy-conversion layers below. The antireflection layer is typically an oxide of silicon, tantalum, or titanium that is formed on…

Antirent War, (1839–46), in U.S. history, civil unrest and rioting in upper New York state arising from the dissatisfaction of leaseholding farmers over the patroon system then prevailing on the great hereditary estates, originally established by the Dutch. In addition to rent, a farmer had to

AIDS: Antiretroviral medications: HIV infection is treated with three classes of antiretroviral medications. Protease inhibitors, which inhibit the action of an HIV enzyme called protease, include ritonavir, saquinavir, indinavir, nelfinavir, and lopinavir. Nucleoside reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors (e.g., abacavir [ABC], zidovudine [

ship: Ship motions in response to the sea: The most effective are antiroll fins that extend transversely from the side of the ship for perhaps 30 feet (10 metres) and are continuously rotated about their axes to develop forces that oppose the roll. Among the sizable costs associated with these fins is the necessity to retract them…

snapdragon, (genus Antirrhinum), genus of about 20 species of herbaceous plants in the family Plantaginaceae, native to western North America and the western Mediterranean region. The common snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus) is a popular garden plant and is used in the floral industry; many

snapdragon: The common snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus) is a popular garden plant and is used in the floral industry; many horticultural varieties exist. The taxonomy of the group is contentious.

Ecuador: Relief: …Cayambe (18,996 feet [5,790 metres]), Antisana (18,714 feet [5,704 metres]), Cotopaxi, which is one of the world’s highest active volcanoes (19,347 feet [5,897 metres]), Chimborazo (20,702 feet [6,310 metres]), Altar (17,451 feet [5,319 metres]), and Sangay (17,158 feet [5,230 metres]). These are included in two ranges connected at

Adverse selection is a term used in economics and insurance to describe a market process in which buyers or sellers of a product or service are able to use their private knowledge of the risk factors involved in the transaction to maximize their outcomes, at the expense of the other parties to the

nucleic acid: Antisense RNAs: Most antisense RNAs are synthetically modified derivatives of RNA or DNA with potential therapeutic value. In nature, antisense RNAs contain sequences that are the complement of the normal coding sequences found in mRNAs (also called sense RNAs). Like mRNAs, antisense RNAs are single-stranded,…

nucleic acid: Antisense RNAs: Most antisense RNAs are synthetically modified derivatives of RNA or DNA with potential therapeutic value. In nature, antisense RNAs contain sequences that are the complement of the normal coding sequences found in mRNAs (also called sense RNAs). Like mRNAs, antisense RNAs are single-stranded,…

antiseptic, any of several substances used to slow or inhibit the growth of infectious microorganisms. Antiseptics are applied to external body surfaces, such as when treating minor wounds, when cleaning the skin prior to an injection, and when cleaning the hands. They commonly are used in

Sir William Watson Cheyne, 1st Baronet: …Cheyne published the important work Antiseptic Surgery: Its Principles, Practice, History and Results and followed this three years later with his book Lister and His Achievements (1885). The work he did in his early career on preventive medicine and on the bacterial causes of disease was strongly influenced by that…

antiserum, blood serum that contains specific antibodies against an antigen (foreign agent), such as an infective organism or poisonous substance. Antibodies in antiserum work by detecting and subsequently neutralizing antigens. Antiserums are produced in animals, most commonly horses, sheep, oxen,

warship: The age of the guided missile: …equalizer has been developed: the antiship guided missile. This weapon, which can be mounted onto the smallest surface vessels as well as aircraft and submarines, is especially dangerous to aircraft carriers because it can be launched outside antiaircraft range and, being unmanned, cannot be distracted easily by defensive fire. The…

abolitionism, (c. 1783–1888), in western Europe and the Americas, the movement chiefly responsible for creating the emotional climate necessary for ending the transatlantic slave trade and chattel slavery. The intensification of slavery as a system, which followed Portuguese trafficking of enslaved

collective behaviour: Deviant epidemics: …behaviour also is observed within deviant groups in society. After Edward G. Robinson starred in the motion picture Little Caesar (1932), a rash of undersized juvenile delinquents aped his manner. In 1959 and 1960 there was a rash of incidents in which synagogues were desecrated, usually by painting Nazi swastikas…

antisocial personality disorder, personality disorder characterized by a pervasive pattern of disregard for the feelings of others and often accompanied by violation of the rights of others through negligence or overt action. The disorder occurs in about 2 to 3 percent of adults; prevalence is

preservative: …baked goods are known as antistaling agents (e.g., glyceryl monostearate). These substances are thought to act by preventing water loss from starches.

Antisthenes was a Greek philosopher, of Athens, who was a disciple of Socrates and is considered the founder of the Cynic school of philosophy, though Diogenes of Sinope often is given that credit. Antisthenes was born into a wealthy family, and the philosophical ideas that he developed had their

antistrophe, in Greek lyric odes, the second part of the traditional three-part structure. The antistrophe followed the strophe and preceded the epode. In the choral odes of Greek drama each of these parts corresponded to a specific movement of the chorus as it performed that part. During the

World War I: Naval operations, 1917–18: …convoys, the Allies improved their antisubmarine technology (hydrophones, depth charges, etc.) and extended their minefields. In 1918, moreover, Admiral Sir Roger Keyes, in command at Dover, set up a system whereby the English Channel was patrolled by surface craft with searchlights, so that U-boats passing through it had to submerge…

quantum mechanics: Identical particles and multielectron atoms: …sign changes, the function is antisymmetric.

quantum mechanics: Identical particles and multielectron atoms: …sign changes, the function is antisymmetric.

grenade: …type of grenade is the antitank grenade, which contains a special shaped-charge explosive that can pierce even the heavy armour of a tank. Since these are usually delivered by small rockets launched from shoulder-held tubes, they are commonly referred to as rocket-propelled grenades.

antitank guided missile, medium or long-range missile whose primary purpose is to destroy tanks and other armoured vehicles. A variety of rockets and missiles are employed against armoured vehicles, but the most sophisticated are antitank guided missiles (ATGM), which can be directed to a target by

antitank weapon, any of several guns, missiles, and mines intended for use against tanks. The first response to the introduction of tanks during World War I was a variety of grenades and large-calibre rifles designed to penetrate tanks’ relatively thin armour or disable their tracks. Land mines and

Martin Lewis Perl: He also discovered the antitau, which decays into neutrinos and either a positron or an antimuon. Despite his formal retirement from SLAC, Perl remained a collaborator there on numerous projects, which at the time of his death included one investigating dark energy.

Baltasar Garzón: …successfully prosecuted members of the Antiterrorist Liberation Groups (Grupos Antiteroristas de Liberación; GAL)—an illegal paramilitary organization that opposed the Basque separatist group ETA—for the murders of a number of suspected ETA members. In 1993 Garzón won a seat in Spain’s Congress of Deputies, where he represented the Spanish Socialist Workers’…

patristic literature: The gnostic writers: …forth these contrasts in his Antitheses, and his adoption of a reduced New Testament consisting of The Gospel According to Luke and certain epistles by the Apostle Paul, all purged of presumed Jewish interpolations, had an important bearing on the church’s formation of its own fuller canon.

antithesis, (from Greek antitheton, “opposition”), a figure of speech in which irreconcilable opposites or strongly contrasting ideas are placed in sharp juxtaposition and sustained tension, as in the saying “Art is long, and Time is fleeting.” The opposing clauses, phrases, or sentences are

Sue Goyette: A new kind of narrative: Antithesis: A Memoir appeared in 2020.

biblical literature: Psalms: In antithetic parallelism the second part presents the same idea as the first by way of contrast or negation.

antithrombin (AT), an anticlotting substance occurring in the plasma of blood that functions primarily to block the action of thrombin, an enzyme central to coagulation—the process by which a clot is formed. AT combines with thrombin as well as most of the other activated blood-clotting proteins

antithrombin (AT), an anticlotting substance occurring in the plasma of blood that functions primarily to block the action of thrombin, an enzyme central to coagulation—the process by which a clot is formed. AT combines with thrombin as well as most of the other activated blood-clotting proteins

thyroid function test: …serum, namely antithyroid peroxidase antibodies, antithyroglobulin antibodies, and antibodies that act like thyrotropin (called TSH-receptor antibodies). Most patients with Hashimoto disease have high serum concentrations of antithyroid peroxidase and antithyroglobulin antibodies. Many patients with Graves disease have high serum concentrations of these two antibodies, as well as high serum

thyroid function test: …antibodies found in serum, namely antithyroid peroxidase antibodies, antithyroglobulin antibodies, and antibodies that act like thyrotropin (called TSH-receptor antibodies). Most patients with Hashimoto disease have high serum concentrations of antithyroid peroxidase and antithyroglobulin antibodies. Many patients with Graves disease have high serum

antitoxin, antibody, formed in the body by the introduction of a bacterial poison, or toxin, and capable of neutralizing the toxin. People who have recovered from bacterial illnesses often develop specific antitoxins that confer immunity against recurrence. For medical use in treating human

human ear: Outer ear: …tragus in front and the antitragus behind. Above the tragus a prominent ridge, the helix, arises from the floor of the concha and continues as the incurved rim of the upper portion of the auricle. An inner, concentric ridge, the antihelix, surrounds the concha and is separated from the helix…

antitrust law, any law restricting business practices considered unfair or monopolistic. The United States has the longest standing policy of maintaining competition among business enterprises through a variety of laws. The best known is the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890, which declared illegal

antibiotic: Antituberculosis antibiotics: … are synthetic chemicals used in treating tuberculosis. Isoniazid, ethionamide, and pyrazinamide are similar in structure to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), a coenzyme essential for several physiological processes. Ethambutol prevents the synthesis of mycolic acid, a lipid found in the tubercule bacillus. All these drugs are absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract…

antineoplastic antibiotic, any anticancer drug that affects DNA synthesis and replication by inserting into DNA or by donating electrons that result in the production of highly reactive oxygen compounds (superoxide) that cause breakage of DNA strands. These antibiotics are administered almost

therapeutics: The respiratory system: Likewise, although cough suppressants are used to reduce unnecessary coughing, they subvert the cough’s natural protective mechanism of ridding the airway of secretions and foreign substances. A commonly used non-opioid cough suppressant is dextromethorphan, which is nearly as effective as codeine and is available in over-the-counter preparations.…

Anzio, town, Roma province, Lazio (Latium) region, Italy, located on a peninsula jutting into the Tyrrhenian Sea. The town is of uncertain origin; according to legend, it was founded by Anteias, son of the Greek chieftain Odysseus, and the enchantress Circe. It was a stronghold of the Volsci, an

organized labour: Establishment of industrial unionism: …pressures that had driven the antiunionism of American employers. The NIRA legislation, through codes of fair competition, was designed to enable industries to cartelize their depression-ridden markets. The exchange was entirely deliberate—granting representational rights to workers as a price for granting market controls to industry. As the basis of New…

Bar, port in Montenegro, on the Adriatic Sea. It is the country’s principal port. The current city is known as Novi (“New”) Bar. Stari (“Old”) Bar’s ruins lie farther inland at the base of Mount Rumija. Stari Bar was first mentioned in the 9th century, when it came under the control of the

antitoxin: …containing it, is called an antivenin. See also antiserum.

antiviral drug, any agent that is used in the treatment of an infectious disease caused by a virus. Viruses are responsible for illnesses such as HIV/AIDS, influenza, herpes simplex type I (cold sores of the mouth) and type II (genital herpes), herpes zoster (shingles), viral hepatitis,

Ahn Cheol-Soo: …of the first native Korean antivirus programs, which he named V1 (the V stood for “vaccine”), and distributed it free of charge to users. Later versions were similarly named V2 and V3.

vitamin: Determination of vitamin requirements: …function of the vitamin (antivitamin) often is the method used. The obvious effects (e.g., night blindness, anemia, dermatitis) of the deficiency are noted. Less obvious effects may be discovered after microscopic examination of tissue and bone structures. Changes in concentrations of metabolites or in enzymatic activity in tissues, blood,…

Tupolev, Russian aerospace design bureau that is a major producer of civilian passenger airliners and military bombers. As a Soviet agency, it developed the U.S.S.R.’s first commercial jetliner and the world’s first supersonic passenger jet. Headquarters are in Moscow. Tupolev consists of the main

Tupolev, Russian aerospace design bureau that is a major producer of civilian passenger airliners and military bombers. As a Soviet agency, it developed the U.S.S.R.’s first commercial jetliner and the world’s first supersonic passenger jet. Headquarters are in Moscow. Tupolev consists of the main

artiodactyl: Social behaviour: Horns or antlers eventually functioned to maintain head contact during struggles rather than to bruise, slash, or gore. This stylized fighting, in which the competing males interlock horns or antlers and try to “outwrestle” each other, minimizes the danger of killing an opponent of the same species…

Antler orogeny: The term Antler Orogenic Belt, and formerly Manhattan Geanticline, is applied to the deformed rocks produced by this orogeny.

Antler orogeny, a mountain-building event in Late Devonian and Mississippian time (about 340 to 370 million years ago) that affected a linear belt in the Cordilleran Geosyncline, extending from the California–Nevada border northward through the central part of Nevada into Idaho. The term Antler

antlerite, a copper sulfate mineral, Cu3(SO4) (OH)4, that is found in the oxidized zone of copper deposits, particularly in arid regions. At Bisbee, Ariz; Kennicott, Alaska; Sierra Mojada, Coahuila, Mex.; and Chuquicamata, Chile, it is the principal copper ore mineral. For detailed physical

Antlia, constellation in the southern sky at about 10 hours right ascension and 30° south in declination. Its brightest star is Alpha Antliae, with a magnitude of 4.3. The French astronomer Nicolas Louis de Lacaille formed this constellation in 1754; it represents an air pump of the type used in

Antlia, constellation in the southern sky at about 10 hours right ascension and 30° south in declination. Its brightest star is Alpha Antliae, with a magnitude of 4.3. The French astronomer Nicolas Louis de Lacaille formed this constellation in 1754; it represents an air pump of the type used in

antlike flower beetle, any of the approximately 1,000 species of the insect family Anthicidae (order Coleoptera). They are usually seen around flowers, foliage, refuse, or dead wood. These voracious beetles resemble ants and range from 2 to 12 millimetres (up to 12 inch) in length. Some can be

coleopteran: Annotated classification: Family Aderidae (antlike leaf beetles) About 350 species; usually found in deadwood or vegetable refuse; example Aderus. Family Anthicidae (antlike flower beetles) Many occur in vegetable refuse; about 1,000 species; sometimes placed in Pedilidae; examples Anthicus, Notoxus.

coleopteran: Annotated classification: Family Scydmaenidae (antlike stone beetles) Under stones, logs; in ant nests; very small, hairy; widely distributed; about 1,200 species; example Scydmaenus. Family Silphidae (large carrion beetles, burying beetles) Relatively large, bright-coloured; usually feed on carrion; some predatory, some plant feeders; examples

antlion, (family Myrmeleontidae), any of a group of insects (order Neuroptera) that are named for the predatory nature of the larva, which trap ants and other small insects in pits dug into the ground. Antlions are found throughout the world, primarily in dry, sandy regions. The antlion larva digs

Eduard Suess: …Das Antlitz der Erde (1883–1909; The Face of the Earth), a four-volume treatise on the geologic structure of the entire planet, discusses his theories of the structure and evolution of the lithosphere in greater detail, tracing the ancient changes in the continents and seas necessary to form the modern features…

August Sander: …published Antlitz der Zeit (Face of Our Time), the first of what was projected to be a series offering a sociological, pictorial survey of the class structure of Germany.

Antofagasta, región, in an extremely arid part of northern Chile, bounded on the east by Bolivia and Argentina and on the west by the Pacific Ocean. Antofagasta is the second largest of Chile’s regions; about 98 percent of its population lives in urban areas, chiefly the capital city of

Antofagasta, city, capital of Antofagasta región, northern Chile, and a Pacific port on Bahía (bay) Moreno. A Bolivian town until 1879, it occupies a terrace at the base of bleak, arid coastal mountains. Its early growth resulted from the nitrate boom that began in 1866 and from the Caracoles

Andes Mountains: Physiography of the Central Andes: Llullaillaco, Galán, and Antofalla all exceed 19,000 feet. The two main ranges and several volcanic secondary chains enclose depressions called salars because of the deposits of salts they contain; in northwestern Argentina, the Sierra de Calalaste encompasses the large Antofalla Salt Flat. Volcanoes of this zone occur mostly…

Anthony Of Bourbon was the king of Navarre, duke of Vendôme, and father of Henry IV of France. Son of Charles of Bourbon, duke of Vendôme, he married (1548) Jeanne d’Albret, daughter of Henry II, king of Navarre; as sole heir, she brought her husband the title of king of Navarre. Anthony was

Antoine Busnois was a French composer, best-known for his chansons, which typify the Burgundian style of the second half of the 15th century. Busnois entered the service of Charles the Bold (later duke of Burgundy) as a singer sometime before 1467. He traveled with Charles on his various campaigns,