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spectroscopy
Table of Contents
Introduction
Survey of optical spectroscopy
General principles
Basic features of electromagnetic radiation
Basic properties of atoms
Historical survey
Applications
Practical considerations
General methods of spectroscopy
Types of electromagnetic-radiation sources
Broadband-light sources
Line sources
Laser sources
Techniques for obtaining Doppler-free spectra
Pulsed lasers
Methods of dispersing spectra
Refraction
Diffraction
Interference
Optical detectors
Foundations of atomic spectra
Basic atomic structure
Hydrogen atom states
Angular momentum quantum numbers
Fine and hyperfine structure of spectra
The periodic table
Quantum behaviour of fermions and bosons
Electron configurations
Total orbital angular momentum and total spin angular momentum
Atomic transitions
Perturbations of levels
Molecular spectroscopy
General principles
Theory of molecular spectra
Rotational energy states
Vibrational energy states
Electronic energy states
Energy states of real diatomic molecules
Experimental methods
Fields of molecular spectroscopy
Microwave spectroscopy
Types of microwave spectrometer
Molecular applications
Infrared spectroscopy
Infrared instrumentation
Analysis of absorption spectra
Raman spectroscopy
Visible and ultraviolet spectroscopy
Electronic transitions
Factors determining absorption regions
Fluorescence and phosphorescence
Fluorescence
Phosphorescence
Photoelectron spectroscopy
Laser spectroscopy
Doppler-limited spectroscopy
Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS)
Laser magnetic resonance and Stark spectroscopies
X-ray and radio-frequency spectroscopy
X-ray spectroscopy
Relation to atomic structure
Production methods
X-ray tubes
Synchrotron sources
X-ray optics
X-ray detectors
Applications
Radio-frequency spectroscopy
Origins
Methods
Resonance-ionization spectroscopy
Ionization processes
Basic energy considerations
RIS schemes
Lasers for RIS
Atom counting
Resonance-ionization mass spectrometry
Noble gas detection
Neutrino detection
RIS atomization methods
Thermal atomization
Sputter atomization
Additional applications of RIS
On-line accelerator applications
Molecular applications
References & Edit History
Quick Facts & Related Topics
Images & Videos
For Students
spectroscopy summary
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Contents
Home
Science
Physics
Matter & Energy
spectroscopy: Media
science
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Videos
Learn about the use of gamma-ray spectroscopy to identify the quarry that was the source of granite found in ancient Roman ruins
See how gamma-ray spectroscopy is used to identify the quarry that was the source...
Video: © Open University (
A Britannica Publishing Partner
)
How chemistry helps to reveal fake artworks
Learn how chemistry can be used to detect art forgery.
Video: © American Chemical Society (
A Britannica Publishing Partner
)
Images
Balmer series of hydrogen
The Balmer series of hydrogen as seen by a low-resolution spectrometer.
Arthur L. Schawlow, Stanford University, and Theodore W. Hansch, Max Planck Institute for Quantum Optics
saturation spectroscopy
Figure 2: The transmission of the weak probe beam is modulated by the high-intensity...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
refraction of light by a prism
Figure 3: Refraction of light by a prism having index
n
2 immersed...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Huygens' principle
(A) Huygens' principle applied to both plane and spherical waves. Each point on the...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
electron density functions for four hydrogen atom states
Figure 5: Plots of electron density in the
xz
plane of atomic hydrogen are...
Daniel Kleppner and William P. Spencer, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
periodic table with column indicating subshells
The left column indicates the subshells that are being filled as atomic number
Z
...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
potential energy curves
Figure 7: (A) Potential energy,
V
(
r
), as a function of the internuclear...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
molecular orbital energy-level diagrams
Figure 8: Molecular orbital energy-level diagrams for (A) beryllium hydride, BeH2,...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
tunable laser absorption spectrometer
Figure 10: Tunable laser absorption spectrometer.
I
1 and
I
2...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
energy-level diagram
Figure 11: Electronic energy-level diagram for a radical species with one unpaired...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
photoelectric absorption cross section for lead
Figure 12: The photoelectric absorption cross section for lead, showing the absorption...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
X-ray image of coronary artery circulation
Figure 13: A synchrotron X-ray image of the coronary artery circulation of a human...
Edward Rubenstein, Stanford University School of Medicine
resonance-ionization schemes
Figure 14: Photons from lasers are tuned so that their frequencies, hence energies,...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
simple pulse-height spectrum
Figure 4: A simple pulse-height spectrum (such a spectrum might be recorded from...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
elements of pulse-processing systems
Figure 2: (Left) Pulse-processing units commonly used in a pulse-counting system....
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
visible solar spectrum
The visible solar spectrum, with prominent Fraunhofer lines representing wavelengths...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
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in these related Britannica articles:
Media for: Michelson interferometer