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settlement
geology
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mass movements
- In mass movement
…in a gradual manner, called settlement. Subsidence involves a roof collapse or breakdown of a subsurface cavity such as a cave. Extensive subsidence is evident in areas where coal, salt, and metalliferous ores are mined. Marine erosion sometimes causes the roof collapse of sea caves. Regions of karst topography will…
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urban tunnel construction
- In tunnels and underground excavations: Settlement damage and lost ground
…the need to avoid intolerable settlement damage to adjoining buildings. While this is rarely a problem in the case of modern skyscrapers, which usually have foundations extending to rock and deep basements often extending below the tunnel, it can be a decisive consideration in the presence of moderate-height buildings, whose…
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