real number
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- Story of Mathematics - Real Number - Definition & Meaning
- Academia - The Real Number System
- MIT Mathematics - Real Numbers
- San José State University - The Nature of the Real Numbers
- Mathematics LibreTexts - Real number
- BCcampus Open Publishing - Introduction to the Real Numbers
- Vanderbilt University - Department of Mathematics - What are the "real numbers," really?
- Key People:
- Richard Dedekind
real number, in mathematics, a quantity that can be expressed as an infinite decimal expansion. Real numbers are used in measurements of continuously varying quantities such as size and time, in contrast to the natural numbers 1, 2, 3, …, arising from counting. The word real distinguishes them from the imaginary numbers, involving the symbol i, or Square root of√−1. Complex numbers such as 1 + i have both a real (1) and an imaginary (i) part. The real numbers include the positive and negative integers and the fractions made from those integers (or rational numbers) and also the irrational numbers. The irrational numbers have decimal expansions that do not repeat themselves, in contrast to the rational numbers, the expansions of which always contain a digit or group of digits that repeats itself, as 1/6 = 0.16666… or 2/7 = 0.285714285714…. The decimal formed as 0.42442444244442… has no regularly repeating group and is thus irrational.
The most familiar irrational numbers are algebraic numbers, which are the roots of algebraic equations with integer coefficients. For example, the solution to the equation x2 − 2 = 0 is an algebraic irrational number, indicated by Square root of√2. Some irrational numbers, such as π and e, are not the solutions of any such algebraic equation and are thus called transcendental numbers. These numbers can often be represented as an infinite sum of fractions determined in some regular way; indeed, the decimal expansion is one such sum.
The real numbers can be characterized by the important mathematical property of completeness, meaning that every nonempty set that has an upper bound has a smallest such bound, a property not possessed by the rational numbers. For example, the set of all rational numbers the squares of which are less than 2 has no smallest upper bound, because Square root of√2 is not a rational number. The irrational and rational numbers are both infinitely numerous, but the infinity of irrationals is “greater” than the infinity of rationals, in the sense that the rationals can be paired off with a subset of the irrationals, while the reverse pairing is not possible.
