endosurgery

Traditional open surgical techniques are being replaced by new technology in which a small incision is made and a rigid or flexible endoscope is inserted, enabling internal video imaging. Endoscopic procedures (endoscopy) are commonly performed on nasal sinuses, intervertebral disks, fallopian tubes,…

…operations to take place through minimally invasive incisions, to eliminate unwanted motion and improve surgical dexterity, and to allow remote surgery. Those applications have been viewed variously as compelling and controversial. In the early 21st century, even as scientists reported on the benefits of robotic surgery—which included decreased complication and…

…approach represented a type of minimally invasive surgery. Some surgeons sought to develop surgical robots that could aid in minimally invasive procedures. By the late 1990s three systems designed for minimally invasive surgery had been tested: the da Vinci Surgical System, developed by California-based Intuitive Surgical, Inc., and the AESOP…

…1990s three systems designed for minimally invasive surgery had been tested: the da Vinci Surgical System, developed by California-based Intuitive Surgical, Inc., and the AESOP and Zeus Robotic Surgical systems, both developed by Computer Motion, Inc., another California company. Many novel robotic surgeries were carried out by the Zeus system…

…systems offers the possibility of minimally invasive surgery in areas in which visualization traditionally has been difficult. Such robotic systems include those that function within operating rooms equipped with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanners and that interact with optical and electromagnetic navigation systems. Systems capable of using infrared or ultraviolet…