Goals of bioinformatics

The development of efficient algorithms for measuring sequence similarity is an important goal of bioinformatics. The Needleman-Wunsch algorithm, which is based on dynamic programming, guarantees finding the optimal alignment of pairs of sequences. This algorithm essentially divides a large problem (the full sequence) into a series of smaller problems (short sequence segments) and uses the solutions of the smaller problems to construct a solution to the large problem. Similarities in sequences are scored in a matrix, and the algorithm allows for the detection of gaps in sequence alignment.

Although the Needleman-Wunsch algorithm is effective, it is too slow for probing a large sequence database. Therefore, much attention has been given to finding fast information-retrieval algorithms that can deal with the vast amounts of data in the archives. An example is the program BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool). A development of BLAST, known as position-specific iterated- (or PSI-) BLAST, makes use of patterns of conservation in related sequences and combines the high speed of BLAST with very high sensitivity to find related sequences.

Another goal of bioinformatics is the extension of experimental data by predictions. A fundamental goal of computational biology is the prediction of protein structure from an amino acid sequence. The spontaneous folding of proteins shows that this should be possible. Progress in the development of methods to predict protein folding is measured by biennial Critical Assessment of Structure Prediction (CASP) programs, which involve blind tests of structure prediction methods.

Bioinformatics is also used to predict interactions between proteins, given individual structures of the partners. This is known as the “docking problem.” Protein-protein complexes show good complementarity in surface shape and polarity and are stabilized largely by weak interactions, such as burial of hydrophobic surface, hydrogen bonds, and van der Waals forces. Computer programs simulate these interactions to predict the optimal spatial relationship between binding partners. A particular challenge, one that could have important therapeutic applications, is to design an antibody that binds with high affinity to a target protein.

Initially, much bioinformatics research has had a relatively narrow focus, concentrating on devising algorithms for analyzing particular types of data, such as gene sequences or protein structures. Now, however, the goals of bioinformatics are integrative and are aimed at figuring out how combinations of different types of data can be used to understand natural phenomena, including organisms and disease.