The Ottoman Empire

Question: Under which sultan did the Ottomans conquer Constantinople?

Answer: Mehmed II’s army entered Constantinople on May 29, 1453.

Question: What was the name of the Ottoman-Russian agreement that enabled Russia to act as the protector of Greek Orthodox Christians inside the Ottoman Empire?

Answer: Russia’s intervention in the Ottoman Empire’s internal affairs under the pretext of protecting of the Orthodox was one of the causes of the Crimean War (1853-56).

Question: What was the name of the Ottoman levy that took adolescent Christian boys as slaves from the European provinces?

Answer: The boys were converted to Islam and trained as the empire’s military and administrative elite.

Question: Which of the following territories was never conquered by the Ottomans?

Answer: The Ottoman fought several wars against the Iranian Safavid Empire, but never extended their rule past Mesopotamia.

Question: What was the name of the system that allowed non-Muslim minorities within the Ottoman Empire to be governed by their own religious leaders?

Answer: The three main millets were Greek Orthodox Christianity, Armenian Christianity, and Judaism.

Question: What happened on June 15, 1826?

Answer: By the 17th century the Janissaries had become corrupt and frequently rebelled against the sultan. Sultan Mahmud II’s destruction of the Janissary corps in 1826 made way for military reform and modernization.

Question: What was the name of the secret 1916 agreement that divided the Arab provinces of the Ottoman Empire between Great Britain and France?

Answer: The secret Sykes-Picot agreement conflicted with other British commitments such as the Balfour Declaration (1917), which pledged support for a homeland for the Jewish people in Palestine, and Husayn-McMahon correspondence (1915-16), which seemed to promise an independent Arab kingdom for Husayn Ibn Ali, the emir of Mecca.

Question: What was a dragoman?

Answer: Dragomans served as intermediaries between Ottoman officials and European diplomats and merchants. Most were non-Muslims.

Question: What were the Ottoman Empire’s elite slave infantrymen called?

Answer: Established in the 14th century, the Janissaries first served as the Sultan’s bodyguard. They were among the world’s most effective military forces in the 15th and 16th centuries.