Philosophy 101

Question: Descartes’s meditation that led him to conclude that perhaps even mathematical laws are not true is referred to as…

Answer: Descartes, while attempting to wipe his mind of everything but true knowledge, utilized what he called the evil demon (or genius) argument. This argument was specifically aimed to protest laws of math and science, and in it Descartes stated that perhaps he only believed things like 2 + 2 = 4 because an evil demon was causing him to do so.

Question: Thomas Aquinas’s cosmological arguments argue for…

Answer: The cosmological arguments originated by philosopher Thomas Aquinas argue that God must exist. He insists that every natural thing is dependent on another natural thing and that in order for the chain to end there must have been a supernatural thing at the beginning that initiated the reaction of natural things. Aquinas argues that this supernatural thing is God.

Question: Who wrote The Last Messiah?

Answer: The Last Messiah, written by Peter Wessel Zapffe, argues that the existential angst suffered by humanity is a product of our self-awareness and intellect.

Question: Metaphysics is the study of…

Answer: What does it mean to say something is real? Are there such things as material objects? What about mathematical objects? What does it mean to be? These are the types of existence-related questions asked in metaphysics.

Question: Plato was a student to which philosopher?

Answer: Plato studied under Socrates and taught Aristotle.

Question: According to Plato, what is knowledge?

Answer: Plato concludes that a belief can only be considered knowledge if it is justified and true. For example, if you believe the fastest way home is by highway because you’ve tested it and it’s true, that’s knowledge. If it isn’t true or you haven’t tested it (i.e., no justification), then it isn’t knowledge.

Question: Jean-Jacques Rousseau is known for what?

Answer: The Social Contract was considered revolutionary for its argument that the monarchs of Europe were not divinely justified in their rule. Rousseau continued by claiming that the people were the ones entitled to govern. He became well known for this as well as for his publication Discourse on Inequality, which also highlighted the problems faced by society and politics.

Question: Existential nihilism insists what?

Answer: Existential nihilism is a philosophical doctrine based on the foundational idea that life has no intrinsic meaning. This includes all emotions, actions, social infrastructure, etc.

Question: Which branch of philosophy is primarily concerned with the question of being?

Answer: Existentialism deals with the problem of being. It argues that the main struggle faced by all is that of existence, which therefore should be studied and questioned as much as possible.

Question: What is the philosophical study of value called?

Answer: Axiology can be seen as a combination of ethics and aesthetics. It studies the foundational implications of worth, which helps to enrich other branches of philosophy.

Question: What does tabula rasa mean?

Answer: Tabula rasa is Latin for clean slate. It refers to the idea that the mind is empty of knowledge upon birth. The term was coined by John Locke.

Question: The allegory of the cave argues what?

Answer: Plato’s allegory of the cave involves three prisoners who are tied to rocks and forcibly positioned so that all they can see are shadows of people on the stone wall ahead of them. Since all they’ve ever experienced are these shadows, the prisoners consider them to be “real” objects. Eventually one of the prisoners escapes and realizes that the shadows were not real but shadows of people who had been walking behind them the entire time. Plato’s argument here is that though perceptions may seem to be accurate, they can be misleading as we may not know the context surrounding them.

Question: Transcendental idealism argues that…

Answer: Transcendental idealism holds that our experience of things is based on the representations of what they really are; we experience how we perceive reality to be, not how it actually is.

Question: Which branch of philosophy deals with the question of beauty?

Answer: What is beautiful? Why is it beautiful? What value do beautiful things have? These are the types of questions asked in aesthetics.

Question: Who is widely known as the first existentialist, despite never having used the word existentialism?

Answer: Kierkegaard is widely considered to be the first existentialist. He was also very religious, which heavily influenced his approach to the question of being.

Question: Epistemology is the theory of…

Answer: What do we know when we know? Can we know anything? What is truth? These are the types of questions asked in epistemology.

Question: Philosophy comes from the Greek philosophia, meaning what?

Answer: Philosophy is derived from the Greek philosophia, philos meaning love and sophos meaning wisdom.

Question: Which philosopher is best known for his statement cogito ergo sum?

Answer: After a series of meditations in which he finds rationale to doubt everything he once thought he knew, Descartes comes to the conclusion that, because he is thinking, he must exist, as something must be doing the thinking. Cogito ergo sum, then, translates to I think, therefore I am.