Fidel Castro turned Cuba into the first communist state in the Western Hemisphere. He enacted sweeping reforms over the almost five decades that he ruled, some of them laudable and others less so. On the one hand, the changes he implemented provided rural areas with electricity, offered free education and health care to all Cubans, and weeded out racism in his country’s society. But these reforms were accompanied by more-suppressive ones: the elimination of a free press, the jailing of dissidents, and the implementation of a one-party state. Castro’s communist reforms also aligned Cuba with the Soviet Union and alienated it from the United States, a rift that the United States responded to by imposing a trade embargo on Cuba that lasted into the 21st century. After the fall of the Soviet Union, Castro had no choice but to begin accepting some economically liberal policies as a means to keep Cuba’s economy afloat.