Canyon, city, seat (1889) of Randall county, northern Texas, U.S., in the Texas Panhandle, 16 miles (26 km) south of Amarillo, at a point where the Palo Duro and Tierra Blanca creeks meet to form the Prairie Dog Town Fork of the Red River. The site originated in 1878 as headquarters for the T-Anchor Ranch; with the arrival of the Pecos and Northern Texas Railway in 1898, it emerged as an important regional shipping centre for cattle and agricultural produce. Although still a ranching and farming centre, the major economic influence is West Texas A&M University, which was established there as a college in 1910.
Of note within the city is the Panhandle-Plains Historical Museum (1921) on the university campus. Canyon is also a gateway to the scenic Palo Duro Canyon State Park, 12 miles (19 km) east; with an area of 16,402 acres (6,638 hectares), it is the largest state park in Texas, extending across the tabletop expanse of the High Plains of the Panhandle. Palo Duro Canyon (about 120 miles [200 km] long) was carved by the main channel of the Red River, aided by rains and wind erosion; it has ravines that plunge 1,000 feet (300 metres), exposing multicoloured rock strata covering 300 million years of four geologic ages. The canyon was the scene of the last great Indian battle in Texas (1874) when U.S. cavalry under Colonel R.S. Mackenzie routed a camp of Comanches who had left their reservations. Charles Goodnight, the famed Texas cattleman, later established his Old Home Ranch nearby. The Canyon Pioneer Amphitheatre, within the park, is the setting each summer for Texas, a musical drama by Paul Green. Buffalo Lake National Wildlife Refuge and Six Gun Territory (a replica of a frontier town) are additional local attractions. Inc. 1906. Pop. (2000) 12,875; (2010) 13,303.