Tamluk, town, southern West Bengal state, northeastern India. It lies just south of the Rupnarayan River.
Archaeological excavations have revealed a sequence of occupation going back to a period in which stone axes and crude pottery were in use, with continuous settlement from about the 3rd century bce. Jain sources identify Tamralipti as the capital of the kingdom of Vanga. It was long known as a port. According to the Mahavamsa, an epic history of Sri Lanka, it was the departure point of Prince Vijaya’s expedition to colonize Sri Lanka (c. 500 bce) and for the Buddhist missionary expedition dispatched by the Mauryan emperor Ashoka to Sri Lanka 250 years later.
Tamralipti was also the port for trade with Southeast Asia. The Chinese pilgrim Faxian visited the city in the 5th century ce, and Xuanzang visited it in the 7th century. Xuanzang reported that there were 10 Buddhist monasteries and an Ashokan pillar there, and he referred to Tamralipti as a thriving port for export of indigo, silk, and copper (Sanskrit: tamra), from which it derived its name. In ancient times it was near the sea. With the advance of the Ganges (Ganga) delta, the town is now about 60 miles (97 km) inland and about 20 miles (32 km) from the port of Haldia on the Hugli (Hooghly) River.
A centre for boat traffic on the river, it is an agricultural distribution centre and has chemical factories and general engineering works. A Buddhist temple survives, now dedicated to the Hindu goddess Kali. A number of terra-cotta figurines were found at the site, most of which are kept in a small museum. Tamluk became a municipality in 1864. Pop. (2001) 45,830; (2011) 65,306.