Pensacola
Pensacola, city, seat (1822) of Escambia county, extreme northwestern Florida, U.S. It lies on Pensacola Bay (an arm of the Gulf of Mexico), about 35 miles (55 km) west of Fort Walton Beach and 60 miles (100 km) southeast of Mobile, Alabama. A Spanish settlement was made on the bay coast in 1559 but was abandoned two years later. The Spaniards formally took possession in 1698 and built Fort San Carlos de Austria, but this was ravaged during the colonial fighting between France and Spain in 1719–20. After the British gained control in 1763, Pensacola (a name derived from Pansfalaya, a local Native American tribe) became the capital of West Florida. It became a haven for loyalists during the American Revolution but in 1781 was taken by a Spanish force from Louisiana. In 1818 Gen. Andrew Jackson captured the city during the First Seminole War.
After Florida was ceded to the United States in 1821, Pensacola acquired a federal navy yard. The city was occupied by Confederates at the outbreak of the American Civil War, but Fort Pickens on Santa Rosa Island offshore remained in Union hands; in 1862 the Confederates evacuated the city. Lumbering and commercial fishing increased after the war, and industry developed. The navy yard became a naval air station in 1914, and the development of a large aviation training school there spurred the city’s economic growth.
Tourism and the military are major components of the economy; health care, high-technology industries, and manufacturing (fibers, chemicals, paper products, and building materials) are also important. Pensacola’s landlocked deepwater port has access to the Intracoastal Waterway and to the gulf via a channel west of Santa Rosa Island, but its regional significance is somewhat overshadowed by the large port at Mobile. Pensacola Junior College (now Pensacola State College) opened there in 1948, and the University of West Florida opened in 1967.
Notable attractions in the city include the National Museum of Naval Aviation, Historic Pensacola Village (a complex of 19th-century buildings and museums), and Fort Barrancas. Mardi Gras events are held annually prior to Lent, and the Fiesta of Five Flags, reflecting the city’s colorful history, is an annual event in June. The U.S. Navy’s Blue Angels precision flying squadron is stationed in Pensacola. Gulf Islands National Seashore, Fort Pickens State Park Aquatic Preserve, and Big Lagoon State Recreation Area are all along the gulf south of the city. Inc. 1822. Pop. (2000) 56,255; Pensacola–Ferry Pass–Brent Metro Area, 412,153; (2010) 51,923; Pensacola–Ferry Pass–Brent Metro Area, 448,991.