Kaaba
Kaaba, shrine located near the center of the Great Mosque in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, and considered by Muslims everywhere to be the most sacred spot on Earth. Muslims orient themselves toward this small shrine during the five daily prayers, bury their dead facing its meridian, and cherish the ambition of visiting it on pilgrimage, or hajj, in accord with the command set out in the Qurʾān.
The cube-shaped structure (the word kaʿbah means “cube” in Arabic) is roughly 50 feet (15 meters) high, and it is about 35 by 40 feet (10 by 12 meters) at its base. Constructed of gray stone and marble, it is oriented so that its corners roughly correspond to the points of the compass. The interior contains nothing but the three pillars supporting the roof and a number of suspended silver and gold lamps. During most of the year the Kaaba is covered with an enormous cloth of black brocade, the kiswah.
Located in the eastern corner of the Kaaba is the Black Stone (al-Ḥajar al-Aswad), whose now broken pieces are surrounded by a ring of stone and held together by a heavy silver band. According to tradition, this stone was given to Adam on his expulsion from paradise in order to obtain forgiveness of his sins. Legend has it that the stone was originally white but has become black by absorbing the sins of the countless thousands of pilgrims who have kissed and touched it.
Every Muslim who makes the hajj or ʿumrah pilgrimage is required to walk around the Kaaba counterclockwise seven times. While performing this ritual of walking in seven circles (ṭawāf) around the Kaaba, they are encouraged to touch or kiss the Black Stone if possible, though doing so is not mandatory.
The kiswah is changed annually, a tradition which since 2022 has been set on the first day of the Islamic month of Muḥarram—-the start of the new year on the Hijri calendar. A ceremonial washing of the Kaaba, which in recent times has been led by a representative of the Saudi government, also takes place in Muḥarram using perfume and water from the nearby sacred well of Zamzam.
The early history of the Kaaba is not well known, but it is certain that in the period before the rise of Islam it was a polytheist sanctuary and was a site of pilgrimage for people throughout the Arabian Peninsula. The Qurʾān says of Abraham and Ishmael that they “raised the foundations” of the Kaaba. The exact sense is ambiguous, but many Muslims have interpreted the phrase to mean that they rebuilt a shrine first erected by Adam of which only the foundations still existed. The Kaaba has been destroyed, damaged, and subsequently rebuilt several times since. In 930 the Black Stone itself was carried away by an extreme Shiʿi sect known as the Qarmatians and held almost 20 years for ransom. During Muhammad’s early ministry, the Kaaba was the qiblah, or direction of prayer, for the Muslim community. After the Muslim migration, or Hijrah, to Medina, the qiblah briefly switched to Jerusalem before returning to the Kaaba. When Muhammad’s forces conquered Mecca in 630, he ordered the destruction of the pagan idols housed in the shrine and ordered it cleansed of all signs of polytheism. The Kaaba has since been the focal point of Muslim piety.