When you look at Impressionist paintings, with their depictions of middle-class leisure and their pleasing palettes, it can be easy to forget that in the 19th century the artists who made them were radicals. Like the Realists before them, the Impressionists broke from prevailing academic traditions. They painted modern life rather than the customary historical, mythological, or religious subjects and were more concerned with capturing an ephemeral moment than using illusionistic tricks. When their work was persistently rejected from the Salon, France’s annual state-sponsored exhibition and one of the few places artists could display their work, the Impressionists pooled their resources and organized their own shows. They thus helped liberate art from the establishment and its primary focus on subject toward an independent mode emphasizing personal expression and the study of creating. Their radicalism provided the foundations for subsequent avant-garde movements, including Cubism and Abstract Expressionism.