endemic species, in ecology, any species or other taxon whose geographic range or distribution is confined to a single given area. Although the species may inhabit a very small area, such as a single lake, or its range may extend across an entire continent, it is considered endemic if it is not found anywhere else in the world. Endemic species are often found in isolated areas, such as on an island or on a mountain or within a mountain range, and they often have specialized adaptations that allow them to survive only in unique habitats. Such specializations often make them susceptible to the effects of environmental disturbances. As a result, many endemic species are endangered, making them particularly vulnerable to extinction. Many endemic species live within biodiversity hot spots—that is, regions that are characterized by more than 1,500 species of endemic vascular plants and that have lost at least 70 percent of their original natural vegetation.
Endemic species are sometimes confused with or incorrectly called native or indigenous species, but the terms differ in meaning. Native or indigenous species evolved in an area and may be found there as well as in surrounding areas. Endemic species, however, are native species that are found only in a specific habitat within a given area.
There are two main categories of endemic species. Paleoendemic species, which are also known as relict species, are ancient species that were once widespread but are now found only in a much smaller area. Causes for paleoendemism include habitat loss, pollution, climatic changes, the arrival of new predators, and other changes to the environment. Some paleoendemic species are the only surviving members of their genera; the coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), for example, is the only living species of the genus Sequoia in the family Cupressaceae. Neoendemic species, in contrast, are newly evolved species that arise due to reproductive isolation, and this isolation prevents them from spreading to other areas. The kangaroos (family Macropodidae) and koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) of Australia are examples of neoendemic species.