Charleroi, municipality, Walloon Region, south-central Belgium, on the north bank of the Sambre River, south of Brussels.
Following the Treaty of the Pyrenees (1659), France had to yield Landrecies, Avesnes, Philippeville, and Mariembourg to Spain. The frontier was dismantled, and with the return of peace and the marriage of Louis XIV to the Spanish Infanta, Spain determined to build a new fortress on the Sambre. This was to be Charleroi and the decree creating it was signed by the governor, Castel Rodrigo, in 1666. The site chosen for the new fortress was the medieval village of Charnoy and the name honoured Charles II, king of Spain. The very next year Louis XIV became master of Charleroi. It was returned to Spain in 1678, and once again fell to the French in 1693 after a siege directed by Sébastien de Vauban. Recovered by the Spanish in 1697, again French in 1701, the city was Austrian from 1713 to 1746. Napoleon headquartered in Charleroi in 1815 but was forced to retreat in a short time—regretting that he had not fortified the city. The Dutch did so as a barrier against France in 1816. Belgian after 1830, the fortress was dismantled between 1868 and 1871. Charleroi was the scene of the first battle of World War I (Aug. 22, 1914).
Canalization of the Sambre in the 19th century brought great expansion, and Charleroi became the hub of a heavily populated industrial region, le pays noir (“the black country,” because of its smoke). Jumet, a northern suburb of Charleroi, was world famous for its glassmakers in the 19th century and sent some to the United States, where a similar and later competing industry was founded. Charleroi also became known as a centre for coal mining and the iron, steel, and engineering industries. Later, its manufacturers produced such goods as machinery, electronic equipment, and cement. The Charleroi area suffered from the effects of deindustrialization in the post-World War II era, and the city faced a significant unemployment problem. Economic troubles were somewhat alleviated, however, by the establishment of aeronautic, computer graphics, and petrochemical industries.
Notable landmarks include the town hall (1936) with its 230-ft (70-m) belfry, from which the annual procession of the Walloon Festival sets out, the Palais des Expositions (1954), where industrial exhibitions are held, and the Palais des Beaux-Arts (1957). Institutions include a Université du Travail (business college), a medical and surgical institute, and an archaeological museum. Charleroi is linked to Brussels by rail and canal; its airport is 4 mi (6 km) north. Pop. (2007 est.) mun., 201,550.