Wiesbaden
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Wiesbaden, city, capital of Hesse Land (state), southern Germany. It is situated on the right (east) bank of the Rhine River at the southern foot of the Taunus Mountains, west of Frankfurt am Main and north of Mainz. The settlement was known as a spa (Aquae Mattiacae) in Roman times. Its earthen fortifications (12 bce) were replaced by stone in 83 ce, and a Roman wall (of which traces remain) was built about 370. The settlement subsequently became the site of a Franconian palace, and the name Wisibada (“Meadow Spring”) first appeared in 829. It was made a free imperial city in 1241, passed to the counts of Nassau in 1255, and became the capital of the principality of Nassau-Usingen in 1744. It was capital of the duchy of Nassau from 1806 until 1866, when it passed to Prussia; it then became capital of the district of Wiesbaden in Hesse-Nassau province. In 1946 Wiesbaden became the capital of the newly created Land of Hesse and incorporated Kastel, Amöneburg, and Kostheim (former right-bank suburbs of Mainz).
Wiesbaden is a rail junction with varied industries. Important products include metal, concrete, electronics, machinery, transport equipment, and foodstuffs. There are also printing firms, publishing houses, and film studios. Wiesbaden is a wine centre, famous for its Sekt (German champagne). As a spa, Wiesbaden was especially famous in the 18th and 19th centuries, when it was frequented by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Johannes Brahms, and Fyodor Dostoyevsky, as well as various royal families. Wiesbaden’s more than two dozen hot saline springs and its mild climate, parklike setting, and other amenities continue to make it a popular resort and conference centre.
Although Wiesbaden has a long history, few examples of old architecture survive, most from the Victorian period: the new town hall (1887), the Kaiser-Friedrich Baths (1913), the Greek Chapel (1855), and the castle (1840), which now houses the Land administration offices. The state theatre opened as an opera house and playhouse in 1894. The municipal museum houses an art gallery. Wiesbaden has various medical facilities, including a special rheumatism clinic and the German Diagnostic Clinic, and it is the headquarters of the Federal Statistical Office. The city also hosts an annual International Festival of Music, Ballet, and Drama (May) and is the site of a major U.S. military base. Pop. (2003 est.) 271,995.