Economy of Shandong

Agriculture and fishing

The success of agriculture in Shandong since 1949 is attributable to extensive investment in irrigation, flood control, and soil-conservation measures; drainage of alkalinized and salinized land; and increased mechanization. Some two-thirds of the province’s wasteland has been reclaimed and cultivated, and in most irrigated areas the productivity ratio has improved from three crops in two years to two crops in one year. The leading food crops—wheat, corn (maize), soybeans, kaoliang (a variety of grain sorghum), spiked millet, and sweet potatoes—account for most of the total cultivated acreage of the province. The remaining arable land is given over to cash crops, which contribute substantially to agricultural earnings.

Peanuts (groundnuts), the leading cash crop, are grown primarily in the peninsular uplands and in the south-central sector. The large size of the peanuts grown in Shandong is especially well suited for oil pressing, and Shandong is a leading manufacturer of peanut oil for cooking. Shandong’s other major cash crop, cotton, is grown throughout the province but is concentrated in the western and northern sections on the intensively irrigated lands near the mouth of the Huang He. Other cash crops include tobacco, grown chiefly on irrigated land in the vicinity of Yishui and Weifang; hemp, produced on low ground in the southwest; and fruit, formerly grown only on lower slopes of the central and peninsular hill masses but now cultivated over a wider area.

Animal husbandry plays an important role. The most common animals are pigs, yellow oxen, and donkeys. Sheep are raised in the uplands. Sericulture (silkworm raising), another important subsidiary activity, has been carried out in Shandong for hundreds of years. The popular fabric known as shantung was originally a rough-textured tussah, or wild-silk cloth, made in the province. Silkworm raising is most common in the central hills near Yishui, Linqu, Zichuan, and Laiwu, and most of the raw silk is sent to other provinces for processing and spinning.

Shandong’s seaward orientation and its excellent harbours, as well as the convergence of cold and warm currents in offshore waters, have fostered a thriving ocean-fishing industry, complemented by the intensive development of pisciculture in the province’s western lake region. Trawlers and smaller fishing craft operate from ports around the peninsula and off the Huang He delta. The ocean catch consists mainly of eels, herring, gizzard shad, fish roe, and several varieties of shrimp and crab. Catches of prawns, scallops, abalone, and sea urchins are among the largest in the country. Freshwater varieties raised through aquaculture are chiefly carp and crucian carp.

Resources and power

Shandong’s industrial base is supported by extensive mining activities, principally coal mining, which was originally developed by German concessionaires in the early 20th century. Considerable mechanization of coal-mining operations has taken place since 1949. The coal field around Yanzhou and Tengzhou in southern Shandong has some of the largest coal reserves in China. There are also major iron ore deposits located near Zibo and Laiwu (southwest of Zibo), and some bauxite is mined near Nanding (Zibo). Gold is scattered throughout the peninsular hills, but the ore in many of the mines has been exhausted. Edible salt is produced on both the north and south coasts of the Shandong Peninsula.

Petroleum and petroleum products have exerted an increasing influence on the economy of the province. The Shengli oil field, one of China’s largest oil-production areas, is located in northern Shandong on the mouth of the Huang He in the Bo Hai. The field yields a type of oil especially suitable for fuel. The province also shares part of the Zhongyuan oil field, on the Shandong-Henan border. A pipeline completed in 1978 connects the Shengli oil field with those of the North China Plain in Hebei and the ports and refineries of the lower Yangtze River (Chang Jiang) area.

Major emphasis since the late 1970s has been given to increasing electric-power generation. High-voltage transmission lines and feeder lines to rural areas extend throughout the province and have substantially increased the supply of rural electric power, as well as the amount of electrically irrigated and drained acreage.

Manufacturing

The province is still especially well known for its light industrial products, despite post-1949 gains in heavy industry. Qingdao, the major manufacturing centre, has a large textile industry, a locomotive works, and chemical, tire, and machine-tool factories. Pre-World War II oil pressing (peanut oil), cigarette making, flour milling, brewing, and beverage installations are still important; of note is the world-renowned Tsingtao brewery. Other enterprises produce a wide range of household electrical appliances as well as some petrochemicals and pharmaceuticals, and a high-technology sector has been set up. Jinan—long famous for its silks, precious stones, and handicrafts—also manufactures trucks and automobiles, motorcycles, agricultural machinery, machine tools, precision instruments, chemicals, fertilizers, and paper. Zibo is now a major industrial municipality in the province; in addition to its traditional manufactures of glass, porcelain and ceramics, and textiles, more recent production includes thermal power generation and the manufacture of petrochemicals and electrical equipment. Weifang is an important food-processing centre, and it also manufactures machinery, chemicals, electronics, pharmaceuticals, and textiles. The coal-mining city of Zaozhuang in southern Shandong now also produces chemicals and mining machine tools. Dongying, on Laizhou Bay, home to the Shengli oil field, is a newly rising city with petrochemicals, paper, rubber products, textiles, and food processing as its mainstays. Some of Shandong’s better-known handicraft goods are embroidered tablecloths from Yantai and Linzi, straw braids for hat weaving from Pingdu (east of Weifang), poplins, pottery, and ceramics.

Transportation

Shandong’s earliest railways were built in the first decade of the 20th century during the time of the German concession. One of the lines traverses the province from north to south, and another line crosses from east to west, connecting Qingdao and Jinan. Since 1949, new lines have been built, including a major trunk line from Qingdao northeast to Yantai. The new trunk line between Beijing and Hong Kong, completed in 1996, runs across the western part of the province.

Shandong’s highways connect every district in the province. An extensive system of express highways has been developed since the mid-1990s. Truck traffic accounts for a majority of the total annual vehicular movement over Shandong’s highways.

Except for portions of the Huang He and of the Xiaoqing River in northern Shandong, part of the Grand Canal in the west, and the Yi River in the southeast, inland waterway transport is limited. The chief route—for shallow-draft craft only—extends upstream from Lijin, about 50 miles (80 km) inland from the mouth of the Huang He, to Qihe, the main Huang He river port in Shandong and just northwest of Jinan. The Grand Canal was long navigable only to a limited extent south of the Huang He, but channel-improvement projects since 2000 have made it possible for ships up to 1,000-tons displacement to travel from Jining directly to the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang).

Shandong has a number of excellent seaports. Qingdao is the largest in terms of tonnage handled, although Yantai, Weihai, and Longkou on the north coast of the peninsula also handle a considerable amount of shipping. Coastal shipping plays an important role in Shandong’s economy. Qingdao alone handles more than one-third of the province’s intraprovince trade. Trade between Qingdao and Shanghai to the south and Qingdao and Dalian (Liaoning) to the north is particularly heavy. A new seaport was constructed in the 1990s at Rizhao, southwest of Qingdao, on the coast of Yellow Sea, to export coal from Yanzhou (northeast of Jining) via a newly built railway.

The province’s major cities have airports for domestic flights, with those at Jinan, Qingdao, and Yantai providing international service.