Germany

Table of Contents

Introduction & Quick Facts
Land
- Relief
  - The Central German Uplands
    - Southern Germany
    - The barrier arc
    - The northern fringe of the Central German Uplands
  - The North German Plain
  - The coasts
  - The Alps and the Alpine Foreland
- Drainage
- Soils
- Climate
- Plant and animal life
  - Plants
  - Animals
People
- Ethnic groups
- Languages
- Religion
- Settlement patterns
  - Rural settlement
  - Urban settlement
- Demographic trends
  - Migration
  - Population structure
  - Population distribution
Economy
- Modern economic history: from partition to reunification
  - The West German system
  - The East German system
  - Economic unification and beyond
- Agriculture, forestry, and fishing
  - Agriculture
  - Forestry
  - Fishing
- Resources and power
- Manufacturing
- Finance
  - The central banking system
  - The private banking sector
  - Public and cooperative institutions
- Trade
- Services
- Labor and taxation
- Transportation and telecommunications
  - Waterways
  - Seaports
  - Railways
  - Highways
  - Air transport
  - Telecommunications
Government and society
- Constitutional framework
- Regional and local government
- Justice
- Political process
  - The electorate
  - Political parties
    - The Christian Democratic parties
    - The Social Democrats
    - The Free Democrats
    - The Greens
    - The Left Party
    - Fringe parties
- Security
- Health and welfare
  - Insurance and services
  - Additional benefits
  - War reparations
  - Standards of living
- Housing
- Education
  - Preschool, elementary, and secondary
  - Higher education
  - Problems of transition
Cultural life
- Cultural milieu
- Daily life and social customs
- The arts
  - Government and audience support
  - Literature and theatre
  - Music and dance
  - The visual arts
  - Architecture
  - Film
  - Arts festivals
- Cultural institutions
  - Museums and galleries
  - Libraries
- Sports and recreation
  - Sporting culture
  - Leisure activities
- Media and publishing
  - Broadcasting
  - The press
  - Publishing
History
- Ancient history
  - Coexistence with Rome to ad 350
  - The migration period
- Merovingians and Carolingians
  - Merovingian Germany
  - The rise of the Carolingians and Boniface
  - Charlemagne
  - The emergence of Germany
    - The kingdom of Louis the German
    - Rise of the duchies
- Germany from 911 to 1250
  - The 10th and 11th centuries
    - Conrad I
    - The accession of the Saxons
    - The eastern policy of the Saxons
    - Dukes, counts, and advocates
    - The promotion of the German church
    - The Ottonian conquest of Italy and the imperial crown
    - The Salians, the papacy, and the princes, 1024–1125
      Papal reform and the German church
      The discontent of the lay princes
      The civil war against Henry IV
      Henry V
  - Germany and the Hohenstaufen, 1125–1250
    - Dynastic competition, 1125–52
    - Colonization of the east
    - Hohenstaufen policy in Italy
    - The fall of Henry the Lion
    - Hohenstaufen cooperation and conflict with the papacy, 1152–1215
    - Frederick II and the princes
    - The empire after the Hohenstaufen catastrophe
- Germany from 1250 to 1493
  - 1250 to 1378
    - The extinction of the Hohenstaufen dynasty
    - The Great Interregnum
    - The rise of the Habsburgs and Luxembourgs
      Rudolf of Habsburg
      Adolf of Nassau
      Albert I of Habsburg
      Henry VII of Luxembourg
    - The growth of territorialism under the princes
    - Constitutional conflicts in the 14th century
      Charles IV and the Golden Bull
      Decline of the German monarchy
    - The continued ascendancy of the princes
      Southern Germany
      Central Germany
      Northern Germany
      Eastern Germany
      Continued dispersement of territory
  - 1378 to 1493
    - Internal strife among cities and princes
      Wenceslas
      Rupert
      Sigismund
    - The Hussite controversy
      Jan Hus
      The Hussite wars
    - The Habsburgs and the imperial office
      Albert II
      Frederick III
    - Developments in the individual states to about 1500
      The princes and the Landstände
      The growth of central governments
    - German society, economy, and culture in the 14th and 15th centuries
      Transformation of rural life
      The nobility
      Urban life
      The decline of the church
      Trade and industry
      Cultural life
- Germany from 1493 to c. 1760
  - Reform and Reformation, 1493–1555
    - The empire in 1493
    - Imperial reform
    - The Reformation
    - Imperial election of 1519 and the Diet of Worms
    - The revolution of 1525
    - Lutheran church organization and confessionalization
    - Religious war and the Peace of Augsburg
  - The confessional age, 1555–1648
    - German society in the later 1500s
    - Religion and politics, 1555–1618
    - The Thirty Years’ War and the Peace of Westphalia
  - Territorial states in the age of absolutism
    - The empire after Westphalia
    - The consolidation of Brandenburg-Prussia and Austria
    - The age of Louis XIV
    - The contest between Prussia and Austria
- Germany from c. 1760 to 1815
  - Further rise of Prussia and the Hohenzollerns
  - The cultural scene
  - Enlightened reform and benevolent despotism
  - The French Revolutionary and Napoleonic era
    - End of the Holy Roman Empire
    - Period of French hegemony in Germany
    - The Wars of Liberation
  - Results of the Congress of Vienna
- The age of Metternich and the era of unification, 1815–71
  - Reform and reaction
  - Evolution of parties and ideologies
  - Economic changes and the Zollverein
  - The revolutions of 1848–49
  - The 1850s: years of political reaction and economic growth
  - The 1860s: the triumphs of Bismarck
    - The defeat of Austria
    - Bismarck’s national policies: the restriction of liberalism
    - Franco-German conflict and the new German Reich
- Germany from 1871 to 1918
  - The German Empire, 1871–1914
    - Domestic concerns
    - The economy, 1870–90
    - Foreign policy, 1870–90
    - Politics, 1890–1914
    - The economy, 1890–1914
    - Foreign policy, 1890–1914
  - World War I
- Germany from 1918 to 1945
  - The rise and fall of the Weimar Republic, 1918–33
    - Defeat of revolutionaries, 1918–19
    - The Treaty of Versailles
    - The Weimar constitution
    - Years of crisis, 1920–23
    - The Weimar Renaissance
    - Years of economic and political stabilization
    - The end of the republic
  - The Third Reich, 1933–45
    - The Nazi revolution
    - The totalitarian state
    - Foreign policy
    - World War II
- The era of partition
  - Allied occupation and the formation of the two Germanys, 1945–49
    - Formation of the Federal Republic of Germany
    - Formation of the German Democratic Republic
  - Political consolidation and economic growth, 1949–69
  - Ostpolitik and reconciliation, 1969–89
- The reunification of Germany
  - Helmut Kohl and the struggles of reunification
  - Chancellorship of Gerhard Schröder
  - The Merkel administration
  - The chancellorship of Olaf Scholz (2021– )
Leaders of Germany

References & Edit History Facts & Stats

Images, Videos & Interactives

Modern Berlin: Blending history with modernity

How did Berlin become the capital of reunified Germany?

For Students

Germany summary

Germany: Media

Videos

Modern Berlin: Blending history with modernity

Overview of Berlin.

Video: Contunico © ZDF Studios GmbH, Mainz; Thumbnail © Sean Pavone/Dreamstime.com

How did Berlin become the capital of reunified Germany?

Overview of the decision to make Berlin—rather than Bonn—the capital of reunified...

Video: Contunico © ZDF Studios GmbH, Mainz; Thumbnail © Meinzahn/Dreamstime.com; © minnystock/Dreamstime.com; © Vasile Bobirnac/Dreamstime.com

Exploring Lake Müritz: Germany's second largest lake

Overview of Lake Müritz, Mecklenburg–West Pomerania, Germany.

Video: Contunico © ZDF Studios GmbH, Mainz; Thumbnail © Travelpeter/Dreamstime.com

Who are the German people?

German as a nationality has really existed for only about a hundred and fifty years....

Video: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Why you probably know more German than you think

Learn about the German language.

Video: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Exploring Hamburg

Take a video tour of Hamburg.

Video: Contunico © ZDF Studios GmbH, Mainz; Thumbnail © Erik Lattwein/Dreamstime.com

Food history: How to make German Black Forest cake

Learn more about the history of the German Black Forest cake.

Video: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Who was Widukind, leader of the Saxons?

Learn about the Saxon leader Widukind.

Video: Contunico © ZDF Studios GmbH, Mainz; Thumbnail © Jorisvo/Dreamstime.com

History of the German Wine Route

Learn about the Palatinate region, including wine production and Hambach Castle,...

Video: Contunico © ZDF Studios GmbH, Mainz; Thumbnail © Sjors737/Dreamstime.com

Economic boom and disparity during Germany's founders' era

Learn about Germany's economic boom in 1870–71.

Video: Contunico © ZDF Studios GmbH, Mainz; Thumbnail © clu-DigitalVision Vectors/Getty Images; © Hunterbliss/Dreamstime.com

Who was the last German emperor?

Learn about William II, king of Prussia and the last German emperor.

Video: Contunico © ZDF Studios GmbH, Mainz; Thumbnail Prints and Photographs Division/Library of Congress, Washington D.C.

What were the consequences of the Treaty of Versailles?

Learn about the 1919 Treaty of Versailles and its aftereffects.

Video: Contunico © ZDF Studios GmbH, Mainz; Thumbnail Auckland Museum; Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Birth of the Weimar Republic

Learn about Germany's fledgling Weimar Republic and the challenges it faced.

Video: Contunico © ZDF Studios GmbH, Mainz; Thumbnail © Vasile Bobirnac/Dreamstime.com; Prints and Photographs Division/Library of Congress, Washington D.C.; JonRoma

Economic and political crises faced by Germany's Weimar Republic

Learn about the economic and political crises facing Germany's Weimar Republic after...

Video: Contunico © ZDF Studios GmbH, Mainz; Thumbnail © Romannerud/Dreamstime.com; © Claudiodivizia/Dreamstime.com

How did Joseph Goebbels's use of propaganda and terror aid Adolf Hitler's campaign for chancellor?

Learn about how Joseph Goebbels's use of propaganda and terror aided Adolf Hitler's...

Video: Contunico © ZDF Studios GmbH, Mainz; Thumbnail © Satori13/Dreamstime.com

What led to the fall of Germany's Weimar Republic?

Overview of the Weimar Republic's demise.

Video: Contunico © ZDF Studios GmbH, Mainz; Thumbnail Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.; Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe, Hamburg; © Vasile Bobirnac/Dreamstime.com; © Alfredo Garcia Saz/Dreamstime.com

How did Hitler seize power in Germany?

Overview of Adolf Hitler's rise to power.

Video: Contunico © ZDF Studios GmbH, Mainz; Thumbnail © Romannerud/Dreamstime.com

The Role of women in Hitler's Third Reich

Learn about the role of women in Nazi Germany.

Video: Contunico © ZDF Studios GmbH, Mainz; Thumbnail Bundesarchiv, Bild 146-1994-040-15A (CC BY-SA 3.0)

How Hitler systematically discriminated against Jews

Overview of the discrimination and exclusion of Jews in Germany following Adolf Hitler's...

Video: Contunico © ZDF Studios GmbH, Mainz; Thumbnail © Peewam/Dreamstime.com

Night of Broken Glass: Nazi persecution of Jews

Learn about Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass), November 9–10, 1938.

Video: Contunico © ZDF Studios GmbH, Mainz; Thumbnail United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, Maryland

Allied bombings of Germany during World War II

Allied strategic bombing over Germany escalating in 1943.

Video: Contunico © ZDF Studios GmbH, Mainz; Thumbnail Farm Security Administration/Office of War Information Photograph Collection, Library of Congress, Washington D.C.

July Plot: A failed attempt to assassinate Adolf Hitler

Learn about the July Plot of 1944, in which Claus, Count Schenk von Stauffenberg,...

Video: Contunico © ZDF Studios GmbH, Mainz; Thumbnail Bundesarchiv, Bild 146-1972-025-10 (CC BY-SA 3.0)

Fate of Hitler's Home Guard

With German military losses mounting, Adolf Hitler ordered all able-bodied men between...

Video: Contunico © ZDF Studios GmbH, Mainz; Thumbnail Bundesarchiv, Bild 183-J31391 (CC BY-SA 3.0)

Consequences of World War II: Mass migration

As the Soviet army advances into eastern Europe, hundreds of thousands of Germans...

Video: Contunico © ZDF Studios GmbH, Mainz; Thumbnail Bundesarchiv, Bild 146-1978-063-29A (CC BY-SA 3.0)

Adolf Hitler's death and its impact on Nazi Germany

War in Europe ending with Germany's unconditional surrender, May 1945.

Video: Contunico © ZDF Studios GmbH, Mainz; Thumbnail Department of Defense/National Archives, Washington, D.C.; Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

What was Jewish life in Germany like after World War II?

Learn more about the aftereffects of World War II on Germany.

Video: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Deciding Germany's future: The Potsdam Conference

Learn about the Potsdam Conference, attended by Winston Churchill, Harry Truman,...

Video: Contunico © ZDF Studios GmbH, Mainz; Thumbnail Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Impact of the deutsche mark in Germany

Overview of the introduction of the deutsche mark in western Germany in 1948.

Video: Contunico © ZDF Studios GmbH, Mainz; Thumbnail Air Force Historical Research Agency; National Numismatic Collection, National Museum of American History

Understanding the Berlin blockade and airlift

Overview of the Soviet Union's blockade of West Berlin, with a detailed discussion...

Video: Contunico © ZDF Studios GmbH, Mainz; Thumbnail Air Force Historical Research Agency

Berlin airlift: How “candy bombers” saved West Berlin

Learn about the Soviet blockade of West Berlin in 1948–49 and the U.S. and British...

Video: Contunico © ZDF Studios GmbH, Mainz

Federal Republic of Germany: Founding and significance

Overview of the creation of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) in 1949.

Video: Contunico © ZDF Studios GmbH, Mainz; Thumbnail © Vasile Bobirnac/Dreamstime.com; Horst Tappe; Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Walter Ulbricht and the establishment of East Germany

Learn about Walter Ulbricht's career as leader of the German Democratic Republic...

Video: Contunico © ZDF Studios GmbH, Mainz; Thumbnail National Archives of the Netherlands/Anefo; National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution; gift of Muriel Woolf Hobson

Konrad Adenauer and West Germany's Western alliance

Learn how Konrad Adenauer worked to integrate West Germany into the Western community...

Video: Contunico © ZDF Studios GmbH, Mainz; Thumbnail Abbie Rowe. White House Photographs. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, Boston; © Vasile Bobirnac/Dreamstime.com; © Carsten Reisinger/stock.adobe.com

Differences between the economies of East and West Germany explained

Overview of the economies of West and East Germany in the 1950s.

Post-World War II Germany: Integration of refugees and displaced people

Learn about the millions of refugees who migrated to Germany from the country's former...

Video: Contunico © ZDF Studios GmbH, Mainz; Thumbnail Bundesarchiv, Bild 183-1990-0927-501/Photographer: Krämer (CC BY-SA 3.0)

East and West German armies during the Cold War

Tensions between East and West Germany leading to rearmament.

Video: Contunico © ZDF Studios GmbH, Mainz; Thumbnail Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc; Horst Tappe/Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.; Jwnabd; © Sarayutoat/Dreamstime.com

Exploring the ancient underground chambers of Malta

Learn about cultural changes in East and West Germany during the 1950s.

The popular uprising against the GDR regime explained

Workers in East Berlin protesting against the East German government in 1953.

Video: Contunico © ZDF Studios GmbH, Mainz; Thumbnail © German Federal Archives (Bundesarchiv), Bild F005191-0040A; © Coatchristophe/Dreamstime.com

Rediscovering the West German president Heinrich Lübke

Learn about Heinrich Lübke.

Video: Contunico © ZDF Studios GmbH, Mainz; Thumbnail German Federal Archives (Bundesarchiv), Bild 146-1994-034-22A; © Coatchristophe/Dreamstime.com

West German youth protests in 1968: Causes and effects

Overview of student demonstrations in West Germany in 1968.

Video: Contunico © ZDF Studios GmbH, Mainz; Thumbnail National Archives of the Netherlands/Anefo; Stiftung Haus der Geschichte

Willy Brandt's visit to East Germany: A step toward unity

Willy Brandt, the first West German Chancellor to travel to East Germany, 1970.

Video: Contunico © ZDF Studios GmbH, Mainz

Willy Brandt's historic request for forgiveness in Warsaw

In 1970 West German Chancellor Willy Brandt traveled to Poland, where he signed the...

How families escaped the East German regime in the 1970s

Learn about how East Germans risked their lives to escape to the West.

Video: Contunico © ZDF Studios GmbH, Mainz; Thumbnail © SPC5 Vincent Kitts/U.S. Army; Archives of the National Volksarmee

Transfer of power from Walter Ulbricht to Erich Honecker in East Germany

Erich Honecker replacing Walter Ulbricht as first secretary of the Socialist Unity...

Video: Contunico © ZDF Studios GmbH, Mainz; Thumbnail German Federal Archives (Bundesarchiv), Bild 183-R0518-182; photograph, o.Ang.; Fornax

The legacy of West German Chancellor Helmut Schmidt

Learn about Helmut Schmidt's political career.

Video: Contunico © ZDF Studios GmbH, Mainz; Thumbnail Prints and Photographs Division/Library of Congress, Washington D.C.; © Coatchristophe/Dreamstime.com

Mass exodus from East Germany in 1989

Learn how East German citizens seeking asylum at the West German embassy in Prague...

Video: Contunico © ZDF Studios GmbH, Mainz; Thumbnail © Anton Kothe/Dreamstime.com; © Vasile Bobirnac/Dreamstime.com; German Federal Archives (Bundesarchiv), Bild 183-1990-0228-030/Heintz Hirndorf

The unexpected fall of the Berlin Wall explained

Learn about the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989.

Video: Contunico © ZDF Studios GmbH, Mainz; Thumbnail © Vasile Bobirnac/Dreamstime.com; © Badboo/Dreamstime.com; German Federal Archives (Bundesarchiv), Bild 183-1989-1118-018/Robert Roeske

The path to German reunification

Overview of the reunification of Germany, including a discussion of the Berlin Wall's...

Video: Contunico © ZDF Studios GmbH, Mainz; Thumbnail © Ibrahim/stock.adobe.com

Reunification of Germany: How it happened

Learn about the first free parliamentary elections in East Germany in 1990, which...

Video: Contunico © ZDF Studios GmbH, Mainz; Thumbnail © oxinoxi/stock.adobe.com; German Federal Archives (Bundesarchiv), Bild 183-1990-0318-046

Introduction of the deutsche mark in East Germany

Learn why the deutsche mark's becoming the official currency of East Germany in 1990...

Video: Contunico © ZDF Studios GmbH, Mainz; Thumbnail © Convisum/Dreamstime.com; © oxinoxi/stock.adobe.com

The political journey of German Chancellor Helmut Kohl

Learn about Helmut Kohl's political career, including his role in the reunification...

Video: Contunico © ZDF Studios GmbH, Mainz; Thumbnail © Markwaters/Dreamstime.com; © Leklek73/Dreamstime.com

How and why the Euro was introduced

Overview of the history of the euro.

Video: Contunico © ZDF Studios GmbH, Mainz

Inside the pervasive surveillance by East Germany's Stasi

Overview of East Germany's Stasi (Ministry for State Security) under the leadership...

Video: Contunico © ZDF Studios GmbH, Mainz; Thumbnail © Badboo/Dreamstime.com; © Steve Scott/Dreamstime.com; German Federal Archives (Bundesarchiv), Bild 183-69281-0005/Zimontkowski

How is white asparagus grown and harvested?

Overview of asparagus farming in Germany.

Video: Contunico © ZDF Studios GmbH, Mainz

When was the Berlin Wall built?

Learn about the building of the Berlin Wall, which closed off access to West Berlin...

Video: Contunico © ZDF Studios GmbH, Mainz; Thumbnail WORTH/AP/REX/Shutterstock.com

Learn why the construction of dykes is crucial in protecting the north German coastlines

Dikes are an important part of Germany's efforts to protect its Baltic and North...

Video: Contunico © ZDF Studios GmbH, Mainz; Thumbnail © Adeliepenguin/Dreamstime.com

Exploring the Elbe Sandstone Mountains

Tour the Elbe Sandstone Mountains in Saxon Switzerland National Park, eastern Germany.

Video: Contunico © ZDF Studios GmbH, Mainz

Experience a family holiday on a houseboat in Germany

A family vacationing on a houseboat in Germany.

Video: Contunico © ZDF Studios GmbH, Mainz

Mating rituals of endangered great bustards

Overview of the great bustard, with a discussion of mating rituals.

Video: Contunico © ZDF Studios GmbH, Mainz; Thumbnail © Mikelane45/Dreamstime.com

Inside Germany's booming city: Hamburg's urban development

Learn about the German development project known as HafenCity Hamburg, an example...

Video: Contunico © ZDF Studios GmbH, Mainz

Canoe camping in Germany's Mecklenburg Lake District

Canoeing in the Mecklenburg Lake District, Germany.

Video: Contunico © ZDF Studios GmbH, Mainz

Sinking of MV Wilhelm Gustloff: World War II's deadliest ship disaster

The Soviet sinking of MV Wilhelm Gustloff in January 1945, one of the greatest...

Video: Contunico © ZDF Studios GmbH, Mainz; Thumbnail Vladimir Kosov (CC BY-SA 4.0)

Speyer Cathedral: A monument to imperial power

Learn about Speyer Cathedral in Germany.

Video: Contunico © ZDF Studios GmbH, Mainz; Thumbnail © Westend61/Getty Images

View the city and flying clouds over the sky of Berlin

Time-lapse video of Berlin, Germany.

Video: Carl Finkbeiner/visualmondo.com (A Britannica Publishing Partner)

The rich history of Worms, Germany

Overview of the Cathedral of St. Peter (also known as Worms Cathedral), Worms, Germany.

Video: Contunico © ZDF Studios GmbH, Mainz

Images

Germany

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Germany

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Stolberg, Germany

Village built along a single street (Strassendorf); Stolberg, Germany.

Otto Stadler/© Silvestris

Germany

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Rhine River

Barge on the Rhine River, with vineyards in the background, at the town of Kaub,...

E. Streichan—Shostal Associates/Superstock

Zugspitze, Germany

Eastern summit of the Zugspitze, Germany.

Hans Huber

Germany: Black Forest

Mountain village in the Black Forest region, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.

Rhine River

The Rhine River flowing through Germany.

Katz Castle; Sankt Goarshausen; Rhine River

Katz Castle, overlooking Sankt Goarshausen and the middle Rhine River, Rhineland-Palatinate,...

Ted McGrath (A Britannica Publishing Partner)

Elbe River

The Elbe River flowing past Königstein, Germany.

Henry Muehlpfordt

Isar River

Isar River at its source in the Karwendelgebirge (mountains), Bavaria, Germany.

Charles Bear/Shostal Associates

Rhine River

Meander in the Rhine River valley at Boppard, Germany, just south of the confluence...

Bavarian Forest

The Bavarian Forest, southeastern Germany.

Kurt Seebauer

Oktoberfest

Patrons in a beer garden during Oktoberfest, an annual festival held in Munich, Germany.

Anti-immigration demonstration

A man in Dresden, Germany, holding a sign demanding an end to the migration of Muslims...

Hermann Bredehorst/Polaris/Newscom

Cologne, Germany: cathedral

Cathedral illuminated at night, Cologne, Germany.

Munich, Germany

Munich, Germany, with (left) the twin towers of the Church of Our Lady and (right)...

Camerique/H. Armstrong Roberts

lignite pit

Brown-coal (lignite) pit in Eschweiler in the Rhenish field between Cologne and Aachen,...

Gunter Brinkmann/Bavaria

hops; hop plants

Hops growing near Mainburg, in the Hallertau district, Niederbayern, Germany.

Ulrich Hofmann/© Silvestris

Lake Müritz

Fishermen's huts (Fischerhäuser) on the west coast of Lake Müritz near Röbel,...

Wilhelm Irsch/© Silvestris

Kiel Canal

The Kiel Canal, which runs from the North Sea, at the mouth of the Elbe River, to...

A.G.E. FotoStock

Wismar, Germany

Fishing boats in the harbor at Wismar, Germany.

W. Krammisch—Bruce Coleman Inc.

Rhine River

Freight train along the Rhine River in western Germany.

Bundestag

The German Bundestag, Berlin.

University of Heidelberg

University Library, part of the University of Heidelberg in Germany.

costumes with wooden masks worn during pre-Lenten celebrations

Costumes with wooden masks worn during the pre-Lenten celebrations in Rottweil, Germany.

Otto Stadler/© Silvestris

The Wartburg

The Wartburg, on a hill above Eisenach, Germany.

Goethe's garden house

Goethe's garden house, Weimar, Germany; detail of a photomechanical print, c. 1890–1900....

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (neg. no. LC-DIG-ppmsca-01163)

schnitzel

Wiener schnitzel with lemon and roasted potatoes.

Friedrich Schiller

Friedrich Schiller, chalk drawing by F.G. Weitsch, 1804; in the Staatliche Museen,...

Staatliche Museen zu Berlin—Preussischer Kulturbesitz

Günter Grass

German writer and artist Günter Grass, 2007.

Zuma Press/Alamy

Johann Sebastian Bach

Johann Sebastian Bach, oil on canvas by Elias Gottlieb (Gottlob) Haussmann, 1746;...

Ludwig van Beethoven

Ludwig van Beethoven, portrait by Josef Karl Stieler.

University History Archive/UIG/Shutterstock.com

Felix Mendelssohn

Felix Mendelssohn, painting by Wilhelm Hensel.

The Römer

The Römer, the old town hall, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.

Metropolis

The inventor C.A. Rotwang (Rudolf Klein-Rogge) and his robotic invention (Brigitte...

From a private collection

fall festival; Heidelberg, Germany

Booths at a fall festival in Heidelberg, Germany.

Berlin: Museum Island

The Bode-Museum on Museum Island in the Spree River, Berlin, at dusk.

Joe Louis and Max Schmeling

Joe Louis (left) and Max Schmeling at a photo session prior to their heavyweight...

AP Images

Franz Beckenbauer

Franz Beckenbauer, 2006.

Immanuel Giel

Germany in the 10th and 11th centuries

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Henry V and Pope Paschal II

Henry V (left) receiving the imperial insignia from Pope Paschal II at Rome, April...

Courtesy of the Master and Fellows of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge; photograph, The Conway Library, Courtauld Institute of Art, London

Rudolf I

Rudolf I, Holy Roman emperor, 13th century.

Jan Hus

Jan Hus at the stake, coloured woodcut from a Hussite prayer book, 1563.

The Granger Collection, New York

Martin Luther

Portrait of Martin Luther, oil on panel by Lucas Cranach, 1529; in the Uffizi, Florence.

Photos.com/Getty Images

Range of confessions in Germany as a result of the Thirty Years' War, 1650

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Klemens von Metternich

Klemens von Metternich, black and white chalk drawing by Anton Graff, c. 1803–05;...

Courtesy of the Staatliche Kunstsammlungen, Dresden, Ger.

Growth of the German Zollverein, 1834–88

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

German Empire

The German Empire, 1871–1918.

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Changes in Germany's territory and internal status, 1914–90

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Max Weber

Max Weber, 1918.

Leif Geiges

Robert Wiene: The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari

Still from Robert Wiene's classic Expressionist film The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari...

From a private collection

Thomas Mann

Thomas Mann.

Elliot Erwitt/Magnum

Third Reich

Adolf Hitler addressing a rally in Germany, c. 1933.

dpa dena/picture-alliance/dpa/AP Images

Joseph Goebbels

Joseph Goebbels, c. 1935.

Interfoto/Friedrich Rauch, Munich

Brandenburg Gate

The Brandenburg Gate, Berlin.

Germany, 1952–90

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Konrad Adenauer

Konrad Adenauer.

Willy Brandt

Willy Brandt.

Authenticated News International

Helmut Kohl

Helmut Kohl, 1996.

NATO photos

Berlin Wall opening

People from East and West Berlin gathering at the Berlin Wall on November 10, 1989,...

AP Images

Gerhard Schröder

Gerhard Schröder, 1999.

NATO photos

Angela Merkel

German Chancellor Angela Merkel, 2005.

U.S. Embassy Berlin/Department of State

Angela Merkel and Antonis Samaras

German Chancellor Angela Merkel (left) and Greek Prime Minister Antonis Samaras during...

Prime Minister of Greece

Angela Merkel and austerity

Anti-austerity protestors at the Greek parliament in Athens demanding a better bailout...

Ukraine crisis

World leaders meeting in Minsk, Belarus, to discuss the terms of a cease-fire in...

Olaf Scholz

Olaf Scholz, 2021.

Autobahn

The Autobahn south of Nürnberg, Germany.

Comstock Images/Jupiterimages

Cherry trees blossoming

A row of cherry trees in bloom at an orchard in Germany.

Mittelland Canal, west of Braunschweig, Germany

A.G.E. FotoStock

Rhine River at Lorelei

Rhine River at Lorelei, western Germany.

European Union

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Germany

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Audio

National anthem of Germany

The instrumental version of the national anthem of Germany.

Interactives

Germany: Ethnic composition

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Germany: Religious affiliation

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Germany: Urban-rural

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Germany: Resident foreign population by region/country of birth

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Germany: Age breakdown

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Germany: Breakdown of renewable energy by source

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Germany: Major import sources

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Germany: Major export destinations

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