Remembering the American Civil War

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Boy in Union army uniform, photograph by Robert W. Addis.

African American troops liberating slaves in North Carolina, 1864.

Learn about the debate on the legacy of the American Civil War

Discover more about Copperhead opposition to Abraham Lincoln during the U.S. presidential election of 1864

Picturing the war

inRemembering the American Civil War

Written and fact-checked by The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica

Article History

Process and participation

Photography was still relatively new both as a technology and as an art form when the Civil War began, yet the prolific efforts of wartime photographers left a legacy of thousands of images that continue to provide “you are there” experiences of the conflict. Although several different photographic processes were used at the time, including the daguerreotype technique for portraits, the most prevalent form of battlefield photography was the wet-collodion process. A chemical mixture was poured on a clean glass plate, which evaporated and dried before the plate was immersed in a bath solution containing nitrate of silver. The sensitized plate was placed in the camera (often a twin-lens stereoscopic camera that ultimately produced three-dimensional renderings called stereo views or stereographs). The exposed plate was then rushed into an on-site darkroom tent or wagon for developing. The involved process was so time-consuming that it precluded the taking of action shots in the frenzy of battle. As a result, most battlefield photographs are of troops behind the lines, before and after battle, and of strategic landmarks and scenes, though there are also gruesome images of the aftermath of bloody combat. Artists, such as Alfred Waud, who drew mostly prominently for Harper’s Weekly magazine, were better able to convey images of battle with their sketches. No one is more widely associated with Civil War photography than Mathew Brady; however, most of the battlefield images attributed to him were actually taken by the stable of photographers he employed. Among those who worked for Brady were Alexander Gardner, who acted as official photographer for Gen. George McClellan and the Army of the Potomac and went into business for himself; Timothy O’Sullivan, who worked first for Brady and then for Gardner; and George Barnard, the official photographer for Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman’s Military Division of the Mississippi.

Photographers and artists

This table provides a gallery that samples the work of some of the war’s leading photographers as well as the work of prominent illustrator Alfred Waud.

American Civil War photographers and artists
Mathew Brady
Union army volunteer, 1861	9th Indiana Infantry	Gen. Robert E. Lee (seated), 1865	Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, 1863
Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman and staff	Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, Cold Harbor, Virginia, 1864	Gen. Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson	Gen. Joseph Hooker
Grand review of the Union Army in Washington, D.C., 1865	Remains of the railroad depot in Atlanta, Ga.	Meeting Street, Charleston, S.C., 1865	William Seward
Thaddeus Stevens	Andrew Johnson

Alexander Gardner
Pres. Abraham Lincoln and Gen. George B. McClellan, Antietam, Md., 1862	Embarkation of the 9th Army Corps at Aquia Creek Landing, 1863	Dead Confederate at Little Round Top, Gettysburg, Pa., July 1863	Ruins of railroad bridge, Richmond, Va., 1865
Confederate dead, Antietam, Md., 1862	Col. Charles B. Lamborn and friends, St. Louis, Mo.

Timothy O'Sullivan
A Harvest of Death, Gettysburg, Pa., 1863	Dead soldiers at Big Round Top, Gettysburg, Pa.	Federal soldiers at Appomattox Court House, Virginia, 1865	Train, Virginia, 1862
Railroad tracks destroyed by Confederates, Virginia, 1863	Petersburg, Va., 1865	Artillery crossing pontoon bridge, Germanna Ford, Virginia, 1864	Fredericksburg, Va., 1863
Alfred R. Waud, Gettsyburg, Pa.	Headquarters of Gen. Irvin McDowell, vicinity of Manassas, Va., 1862

George Barnard
Stone House, Bull Run, Virginia	Bull Run, Virginia	Federal cavalry at Sudley Ford, Bull Run, Virginia	Manassas, Va., Confederate fortifications, 1862
Confederate fort, Atlanta, Ga.	Atlanta, Ga., 1864	Confederate palisades and chevaux-de-frise, Atlanta, Ga., 1864	The grounds of Buen Ventura, Savannah, Ga., 1864
Savannah, Ga., waterfront, 1864	Ruins of the Pinckney Mansion, Charleston, S.C., 1865	Fortified Union bridge, Nashville, Tenn., 1864	Railroad yard and depot, Nashville, Tenn., 1864
Union troops, Nashville, Tenn., 1864	Twin houses, Seven Pines (Fair Oaks), Va., 1862	Kennesaw Mountain, Georgia

Alfred Waud
Union engineers constructing a pontoon bridge, Fredericksburg, Va., 1862	Union forces, between Fair Oaks Station and Chickahominy, Va., 1862	Union army camp, 1861	Battle of Winchester, Va., 1862
Surrender of Gen. Robert E. Lee at Appomattox Court House, Virginia; engraving from a drawing by Alfred R. Waud