47 rōnin

47 rōnin, the 47 loyal samurai of the lord of Akō, whose vendetta ranks as one of the most dramatic episodes of Japanese history.

The incident began in April 1701, when imperial envoys from Kyōto arrived in Edo (now Tokyo), the capital of the shogunate. Three provincial daimyo were appointed to receive them, including Asano Naganori from Akō (now in Hyōgo prefecture). Because these men were ignorant of court etiquette, they were directed to consult Kira Yoshinaka, a retainer of the shogun and an expert in such matters. The other two daimyo gave Kira lavish presents to ensure his cooperation, but Asano offered only a token gift. Kira was apparently annoyed and expressed his displeasure by constantly taunting the inexperienced Asano. The latter finally gave way to his pent-up wrath, and on April 21, 1701, in the audience hall of the shogun’s palace, he flew at Kira with his dirk. Kira escaped with minor wounds, but Asano’s gross breach of etiquette enraged shogun Tokugawa Tsunayoshi, who ordered Asano to commit seppuku (Japanese: “self-disembowelment”) the same day.

Word of the unhappy event reached Akō five days later. The domain was to be confiscated by the shogun, and Asano’s retainers, headed by Ōishi Yoshio, at once met to determine their future actions. They were now rōnin, or masterless samurai, and without a clear means of support. Some favoured resisting if the castle had to be yielded; others swore an oath to disembowel themselves before the castle gate. Ōishi, however, counseled caution, and his view prevailed. The castle was surrendered on May 26.

For over a year Ōishi and other retainers lived in apparent retirement. Ōishi passed much time in the leisure quarters of Kyōto, leading so dissolute a life that Kira’s spies were convinced that he entertained no thought of revenge. In the autumn of 1702 Ōishi decided to strike. He and 46 other rōnin, including his son, gathered in Edo. On the night of January 30, 1703, they attacked Kira’s mansion, forced their way in, and killed their hated adversary. That night they offered up his head at Asano’s grave. When the shogun learned of the vendetta, he was sympathetically disposed to Ōishi but finally decided that the 47 rōnin could not be allowed to take the law into their own hands. They were accordingly ordered to disembowel themselves on March 20, 1703.

The incident created an immense stir in Japan. The samurai virtues, seemingly forgotten during long years of peace, asserted themselves again. Innumerable poems and essays described the vendetta, and by 1844 no fewer than 47 plays had been written about the rōnin. Of these the greatest was Chūshingura (1748), an 11-act kabuki drama cycle adapted from the bunraku play by Takeda Izumo with Namiki Sōsuke (Senryū) and Miyoshi Shōraku. The popularity of this work has never flagged, and it served to inspire numerous modern plays, most prominently an adaptation by Mayama Seika. Cinematic treatments included director Mizoguchi Kenji’s Genroku Chūshingura (1941; The 47 Ronin); Ichikawa Kon’s Shijūshichinin no shikaku (1994), which cast Japanese film legend Ken Takakura in the role of Ōishi; and the Hollywood-produced 47 Ronin (2013), a special effects-driven fantasy starring Keanu Reeves that bore only a passing resemblance to the historical source material.