Yulia Tymoshenko

Yulia Tymoshenko (born November 27, 1960, Dnipropetrovsk, Ukraine, U.S.S.R. [now in Ukraine]) is a Ukrainian businesswoman and politician who served as prime minister of Ukraine (2005, 2007–10).

Tymoshenko’s family lineage has been reported variously as Ukrainian, Russian, Latvian, and Jewish. She married Oleksandr Tymoshenko in 1979 and gave birth to a daughter the following year. She studied cybernetics at Dnipropetrovsk State University and in 1984 received a degree in economics.

In 1995 Tymoshenko became president of United Energy Systems of Ukraine (UESU). The company imported gas from Russia, which could then be reexported to the West or sold internally. In return, UESU exported metals, pipes, and other goods to Russia. The business earned her the epithet of “the gas princess.” She amassed a fortune and was linked to other successful entrepreneurs, including Pavlo Lazarenko. She then moved smoothly into a political career, exploiting her business connections and natural beauty and eventually adopting what became her trademark “Ukrainian” braided hairstyle. She was first elected to the Ukrainian parliament in 1996 and in 1999 was appointed deputy prime minister for fuel and energy under Prime Minister Viktor Yushchenko. Two years later, in early 2001, she was dismissed, arrested, and briefly jailed on corruption charges. Tymoshenko always maintained that the charges were politically motivated, and they were later dropped.

In November 2001 she founded the Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc (BYT; originally the National Rescue Forum) in opposition to Pres. Leonid Kuchma. Although Tymoshenko had previously been considered a strong candidate for the presidency, she formed an alliance with Yushchenko’s Our Ukraine party and supported his bid for president in 2004. During the events of the Orange Revolution, Tymoshenko was a key figure, passionately denouncing Viktor Yanukovych’s presidential election campaign and the alleged electoral fraud that resulted in Yanukovych’s victory being overturned. After Yushchenko was installed as president, he named her prime minister in January 2005. Her cabinet was dismissed nine months later, however, after fractious disputes with the head of the Security and Defense Council and her controversial attempts to reprivatize companies that had been sold at less than market value.

The BYT formed the main opposition after the collapse of the pro-Western Orange coalition in the summer of 2006 and finished in second place in the 2007 parliamentary campaign. On October 15, 2007, Our Ukraine–People’s Self-Defense and the BYT agreed to form a majority in the new parliament, and on December 18 Tymoshenko regained her position as prime minister. By this time the most recognizable figure in Ukraine, she campaigned for changes to the constitution that would transform the country into a parliamentary republic.

By May 2008 Tymoshenko was engaged in a direct contest for power with President Yushchenko. The conflict over authority between the presidency and the parliament presaged a serious constitutional crisis. As the two former allies clashed over various issues—for instance, while the president maintained his pro-Western stance and focused on gaining membership in NATO, the prime minister was accused of being overly supportive of Russia—their governing coalition collapsed in September 2008. Tymoshenko remained in her post pending new parliamentary elections.

Tymoshenko continued as prime minister after the parliamentary elections scheduled for December 2008 were canceled and a new coalition between Yushchenko’s and Tymoshenko’s parties was formed. Running for president in the January 2010 election, Tymoshenko came in second place in the first round of voting, with about 25 percent of the vote. A runoff poll between Tymoshenko and the first-place contender, Yanukovych, was held on February 7. Although Tymoshenko garnered 45.47 percent of the runoff vote, Yanukovych received 48.95 percent and was declared the winner. Calling the results fraudulent, Tymoshenko refused to recognize Yanukovych’s victory. Nevertheless, Yanukovych was inaugurated as president on February 25, and the following week Tymoshenko’s government was felled by a vote of no confidence.

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Subsequent investigations into her prime ministership—notably into the 2009 deal she signed to purchase natural gas from Russia at allegedly inflated prices—resulted in Tymoshenko’s being charged with abuse of power. Her trial began in June 2011, and in October of that year she was sentenced to seven years in prison. The trial was widely criticized both domestically, where it was viewed by some as an attempt by Yanukovych to discredit Tymoshenko, and abroad, where some contended that procedures were not in accordance with international standards. In November 2011 Tymoshenko faced new charges, including tax evasion and embezzlement, that dated from the 1990s.

In February 2014, after three months of popular protest in Kiev and several days of bloody crackdowns by the government, an agreement was reached between Yanukovych and opposition leaders. On February 21 the parliament approved numerous measures related to the agreement, including a rollback to the 2004 constitution, thus limiting the powers of the president. It also decriminalized the statute under which Tymoshenko had been convicted, and she was released from prison the following day. She immediately traveled to Kiev, where she was warmly received by the protest camp in the city’s Maidan (Independence Square). After Yanukovych was impeached by the parliament and fled to Russia, Tymoshenko’s political ally, Oleksandr Turchynov, was appointed interim president. Tymoshenko was an early favourite in the snap presidential race that was scheduled for May 2014, but popular support soon coalesced behind Ukrainian business leader Petro Poroshenko. In that contest, Tymoshenko finished a distant second, with Poroshenko capturing more than the 50 percent necessary to win the election in the first round. She ran for president again in March 2019 but finished third in the first round of balloting, behind television personality Volodymyr Zelenskiy and Poroshenko.