Stanislaw Ulam

Stanislaw Ulam (born April 13, 1909, Lemberg, Poland, Austrian Empire [now Lviv, Ukraine]—died May 13, 1984, Santa Fe, New Mexico, U.S.) was a Polish-born American mathematician who played a major role in the development of the hydrogen bomb at Los Alamos, New Mexico, U.S.

Ulam received a doctoral degree (1933) at the Polytechnic Institute in Lvov (now Lviv). At the invitation of John von Neumann, he worked at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, New Jersey, U.S., in 1936. He lectured at Harvard University in 1939–40 and taught at the University of Wisconsin at Madison from 1941 to 1943. In 1943 he became a U.S. citizen and was recruited to work at Los Alamos on the development of the atomic bomb. He remained at Los Alamos until 1965 and taught at various universities thereafter.

Ulam had a number of specialties, including set theory, mathematical logic, functions of real variables, thermonuclear reactions, topology, and the Monte Carlo theory. Working with physicist Edward Teller, Ulam solved one major problem encountered in work on the fusion bomb by suggesting that compression was essential to explosion and that shock waves from a fission bomb could produce the compression needed. He further suggested that careful design could focus mechanical shock waves in such a way that they would promote rapid burning of the fusion fuel. Teller suggested that radiation implosion, rather than mechanical shock, be used to compress the thermonuclear fuel. This two-stage radiation implosion design, which became known as the Teller-Ulam configuration, led to the creation of modern thermonuclear weapons.

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Numbers and Mathematics

Ulam’s work at Los Alamos had begun with his development (in collaboration with von Neumann) of the Monte Carlo method, a technique for finding approximate solutions to problems by means of doing many random samples. Through the use of electronic computers, this method became widespread throughout the sciences. Ulam also improved the flexibility and general utility of computers. While bored at a scientific conference in 1963, he wrote down the positive integers in a spiral pattern and crossed out the prime numbers. In the resulting Ulam spiral, horizontal, vertical, and diagonal lines containing large number of primes are prominent.

Ulam wrote a number of papers and books on aspects of mathematics. The latter included A Collection of Mathematical Problems (1960), Stanislaw Ulam: Sets, Numbers, and Universes (1974), and Adventures of a Mathematician (1976).