Gaetano Mosca

Gaetano Mosca (born April 1, 1858, Palermo, Sicily, Kingdom of the Two Sicilies [now in Italy]—died November 8, 1941, Rome, Italy) was an Italian jurist and political theorist who, by applying a historical method to political ideas and institutions, elaborated the concept of a ruling minority (classe politica) present in all societies. His theory seemed to have its greatest influence on apologists for fascism who misunderstood his view. His work, along with that of Vilfredo Pareto and Robert Michels, inspired subsequent studies by political scientists of the process of the “circulation of elites” within democracies and other political systems.

Educated at the University of Palermo, Mosca taught constitutional law there (1885–88) and at the Universities of Rome (1888–96) and Turin (1896–1908). A member of the Italian Chamber of Deputies beginning in 1908, he served as undersecretary of state for the colonies from 1914 to 1916 and was made a senator for life by King Victor Emmanuel III in 1919. His final speech in the Senate was an attack on the Italian fascist leader Benito Mussolini.

Mosca’s Sulla teorica dei governi e sul governo parlamentare (1884; “Theory of Governments and Parliamentary Government”) was followed by The Ruling Class (originally published in Italian, 1896). In these and other writings, but especially in The Ruling Class, he asserted—contrary to theories of majority rule—that societies are necessarily governed by minorities: by military, priestly, or hereditary oligarchies or by aristocracies of wealth or of merit. He showed an impartial indifference to the most diverse political philosophies. For him the will of God, the will of the people, the sovereign will of the state, and the dictatorship of the proletariat were all mythical.

Although sometimes called “Machiavellian,” Mosca actually considered most of the political ideas of Niccolò Machiavelli (1469–1527) impractical. He opposed the racist elitism preached by the Nazi Party in Germany, condemned Marxism, which in his view expressed the hatred within Karl Marx, and mistrusted democracy, seeing the greatest threat to liberal institutions in “the extension of the suffrage to the most uncultured strata of the population.” Mosca viewed the most enduring social organization as a mixed government (partly autocratic, partly liberal) in which “the aristocratic tendency is tempered by a gradual but continuous renewal of the ruling class” by the addition of men of lower socioeconomic origin who have the will and the ability to rule.