Ethical and religious thought of Dietrich Bonhoeffer

From 1940 to 1943 Bonhoeffer worked intermittently on a volume on Christian ethics but completed only fragments, which were published posthumously (Ethik, 1949; Ethics). Abjuring all “thinking in terms of two spheres”—i.e., any dualistic separation of the church and the world, nature and grace, the sacred and the profane—he called for a unitive concrete ethic founded on Christology (doctrines about the person and work of Christ), an ethic in which labour, marriage, and government are to be viewed dynamically as divinely imposed tasks or functions (“mandates”) rather than orders of creation. Bonhoeffer welcomed the rapprochement of Christianity and humanism in the face of modern tyrannies and urged a recovery of the concept of “the natural” in Protestant thought.

Bonhoeffer’s prison writings, published in 1951 (Widerstand und Ergebung; Letters and Papers from Prison, 1953, enlarged ed. 1997), are of interest both for their theological themes, especially as developed in the letters to his friend and later editor and biographer, Eberhard Bethge, and for their remarkable reflection on cultural and spiritual life. Reviewing the history of secularization in the West since the Renaissance, Bonhoeffer asked whether humanity’s increasing ability to cope with its problems without the hypothesis of God might not indicate the obsolescence of the “religious premise” upon which Christianity had hitherto been based. Rather than looking for gaps in human knowledge or accenting human weaknesses as a basis for apologetics, he asserted, the church ought to affirm humanity’s maturity in a “world come of age.” The stripping off of “religion,” in the sense of otherworldliness and preoccupation with personal salvation, Bonhoeffer suggested, would in fact free Christianity for its authentic this-worldliness in accordance with its Judaic roots. The church should give up its inherited privileges in order to free Christians to “share in God’s sufferings in the world” in imitation of Jesus, “the man for others.” These ideas have subsequently been influential in movements for the reform of church and ministry; in the “Honest to God” debate initiated by John A.T. Robinson, the bishop of Woolwich, England; in efforts to propound a “secular Christianity” or “the secular meaning of the gospel”; in the “death of God” controversy of the 1960s; in the articulation of a “theology of hope,” as part of the resistance to apartheid in South Africa; and in the reconstruction of church life in the reunified Germany.

The chief works by Bonhoeffer in addition to those already mentioned are Creation and Fall: A Theological Interpretation of Genesis 1–3 (1959; expanded and reissued as Creation and Fall: A Theological Exposition of Genesis 1–3, ed. by John W. de Gruchy, 1997; originally published in German, 1933) and the posthumously published Christ the Center (1960; also published as Christology; originally published in German, 1958–61). Also significant is Ruth-Alice von Bismarck and Ulrich Kabitz (eds.), Love Letters from Cell 92 (1994; also published as Love Letters from Cell 92: The Correspondence between Dietrich Bonhoeffer and Maria von Wedemeyer, 1943–45). The definitive edition of Bonhoeffer’s writings in English translation is the multivolume Gerhard Ludwig Müller and Albrecht Schönherr (eds.), Dietrich Bonhoeffer Works (1996–2014; originally published in German, 1986–99). Geffrey B. Kelly and F. Burton Nelson (eds.), A Testament to Freedom: The Essential Writings of Dietrich Bonhoeffer, rev. ed. (1995), is a one-volume compendium.