Cai Guo-Qiang

Cai Guo-Qiang (born December 8, 1957, Quanzhou, Fujian province, China) is a Chinese pyrotechnical artist known for his dramatic installations and for using gunpowder as a medium.

Cai’s father—a painter, historian, and bookstore owner—was somewhat ambivalent toward Mao Zedong and the new Chinese society that was emerging after the successful communist revolution. He encouraged his son to read the forbidden Western classics despite his support of Marxist thinking. The father continued to practice the traditional art of calligraphy but used it to reproduce Mao’s epigrams. The younger Cai honed his sense of the dramatic at the Shanghai Institute of Drama (1981–85). After graduating with a degree in stage design, he made plans to leave China.

From 1986 to 1995 Cai lived in Japan, learning Japanese and refining his control over his chosen artistic medium, gunpowder. It was in this choice that the ambivalence he had absorbed at his father’s side seemed most clearly to surface. Gunpowder was an ancient Chinese invention and a thoroughly traditional substance. Yet it was not a traditional medium for art and thus was a perfect material for expressing both respect and frustration, for embodying both the violence and the beauty that became his trademark.

In 1995 Cai moved to New York City. There he continued to make a kind of performance art that The New York Times critic Roberta Smith labeled “gunpowder land art,” events recorded on videotape. One of Cai’s best-known works of this kind was Transient Rainbow (2002), a minute-long fireworks installation commissioned by the Museum of Modern Art, New York, that was designed to resemble a rainbow over the southern tip of Roosevelt Island in the East River. He also created drawings made from gunpowder residue, some of which he altered by painting on them. In addition, he began to reveal a gift for creating large-scale installations. Cai’s works of this sort included groupings of stuffed animals, sometimes tigers pierced with arrows or packs of snarling wolves hurtling toward an invisible barrier. Though some critics found his work somewhat hollow and less than original, others were riveted by his contradictory vision and his unquestioned instinct for the dramatic.

In 2008 Cai became the first Chinese artist to ever have a solo retrospective at New York City’s Guggenheim Museum. His show, “I Want to Believe,” immediately confronted the viewer with a dramatic installation piece entitled Inopportune: Stage One (2004). For the work, Cai used nine actual cars suspended at various angles to evoke a sort of stop-action image of a car bombing, complete with timed sprays of lights. The show’s other pieces included several of Cai’s signature gunpowder drawings and paintings and a re-creation of his agitprop reference to similar pieces he had seen in his boyhood years. That same year Cai served as director of visual and special effects for the ceremonial events bracketing the 2008 Beijing Olympics. In 2011 he was featured in a solo exhibition at Mathaf: Arab Museum of Modern Art in Doha, Qatar. In 2013 Cai created a 12-minute “explosion event”—One Night Stand—for Paris’s Nuit Blanche celebration, an annual art event held in October. He was awarded the Japan Art Association’s Praemium Imperiale in 2012.

In 2015 Cai’s long-delayed project Sky Ladder was realized off Huiyu Island in his hometown of Quanzhou, Fujian. A documentary about the artwork was released on Netflix the following year. As Cai’s popularity continued to grow, he had solo exhibitions at such renowned institutions as the Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts (2017), Moscow; Prado Museum (2017–18), Madrid; and Uffizi Gallery (2018–19), Florence. He also curated the exhibition “What About the Art? Contemporary Art from China” (2016) at Qatar Museums Gallery, Al-Riwaq, Doha, and “Artistic License: Six Takes on the Guggenheim Collection” (2019–20) at the Guggenheim, New York. He was one of six contemporary artists that participated in the latter. While Cai continued to coordinate explosion events, including The Birth of Tragedy (2020) in Cognac, France, he also pursued new technologies. He presented a VR piece, Sleepwalking in the Forbidden City (2020), for his major retrospective at the Forbidden City Palace Museum, Beijing, and in 2021 he launched his first non-fungible token (NFT) project: Transient Eternity—101 Ignitions of Gunpowder Paintings.