Bahinābāī, Bahini

Bahinābāī, Bahini (born 1628 ce, Devago, in the Indian state of Maharashtra—died 1700, Bahinābāī) , poet-saint (sant), remembered as a composer of devotional songs (abhangas) in Marathi to the Hindu deity Viṭṭhal. Her work is preserved through oral performance (kīrtan), old handwritten manuscripts, and modern printed collections. Bahinābāī, in her autobiographical songs, describes herself as a devotee of another Marathi saint, Tukārām (1608–1649 ce), whom she met when her maternal family and her husband, a Brahmin astrologer, lived near Tukārām’s village of Dehu. Bahinābāī (whose given name means “sister”) records that her husband violently opposed her association with Tukārām because of Tukārām’s low caste (Śūdra). Her songs from this period describe her feeling of abandonment by her God and her struggle to perpetuate her faith; she also criticizes Brahmins who have lost their faith and, in a series of songs, defines a “Brahmin” as a person of good works and sincere devotion, regardless of caste. Though Bahinābāī’s husband partially relented later, her contact with Tukārām occurred only in dreams, visions, and brief observances of his religious performances. Bahinābāī’s verses both attack and defend a wife’s duties (strī-dharma) in her community, exploring the struggle between those duties and her desire to follow Tukārām’s spiritual example. Bahinābāī’s songs suggest that she was very familiar with the Bhagavad Gītā and Upanishads, as well as Vedānta and Saṃkhyā schools of thought, though she was most likely unable to read or to write. The transcription of her verses into old handwritten manuscripts is said to have begun with her son, Viṭhobā, who wrote them down from memory after her death.