Andrey Ivanovich, Count Osterman

Andrey Ivanovich, Count Osterman (born June 9 [May 30, Old Style], 1686, Bochum, Westphalia [Germany]—died May 31 [May 20], 1747, Berëzovo, Siberia, Russia) was a statesman who dominated the conduct of Russia’s foreign affairs from 1725 to 1740.

Having come to Russia in 1703, Osterman was appointed by Peter I the Great to be an interpreter for the Russian Foreign Office (1708) and was given the rank of secretary in 1710. He assisted in negotiating a peace settlement with the Turks in 1711 and subsequently played a major role in the peace conferences with Sweden (1718 and 1721) that preceded the conclusion of the Great Northern War (1721). In 1723 he signed a treaty with Persia by which Russia gained some territory along the shore of the Caspian Sea, including the cities of Baku and Derbent. For these diplomatic successes Osterman was made a baron and vice president of the Foreign Office.

After Peter died and Catherine I ascended the throne (1725), Osterman became vice chancellor, a member of the Supreme Privy Council (which became the effective ruling body of Russia), postmaster general, and president of a special commission for commerce. Thus he became involved in the state’s economic and financial concerns as well as master of its foreign affairs. He maintained his influence during the reign of Peter II (reigned 1727–30), and, as a reward for helping Anna Ivanovna retain her autocratic powers when she became empress (1730), he was made a count and Anna’s “first cabinet minister” (1731). During Anna’s reign (1730–40) Osterman strictly adhered to an alliance with Austria, guided Russia through the War of the Polish Succession (1733–38) and the Russo-Turkish War of 1736–39, concluded an Anglo-Russian commercial treaty in 1734, and generally raised Russia’s prestige as a European power. But he was obliged to return some territory to Persia in 1732 and gained only a strip of steppe land between the Bug and Donets rivers for Russia as a result of the Turkish war.

After Anna died, Osterman helped his colleague Burkhard Münnich overthrow Ernst Biron, the regent for the infant emperor Ivan VI (Nov. 19–20 [Nov. 8–9, O.S.], 1740); Osterman then became admiral general. But after he and Münnich quarreled and thereby weakened the ruling clique, the French ambassador, who strongly objected to Osterman’s persistently pro-Austrian policy, intrigued with Elizabeth, the daughter of Peter the Great. On Dec. 6 (Nov. 25), 1741, they overthrew Ivan, the regent Princess Anna Leopoldovna, and their chief advisers, including Osterman, who was banished to Siberia.