wolf spider
- Also called:
- ground spider or hunting spider
wolf spider, (family Lycosidae), any member of the spider family Lycosidae (order Araneida), a large and widespread group made up of more than 2,300 species worldwide. They are named for the wolflike habit of chasing and pouncing upon prey. About 240 species occur in North America and about 50 in Europe. Numerous species occur north of the Arctic Circle. Most are small to medium-sized. The largest, Hogna ingens, found only on Deserta Grande in the Madeira Islands, has a body about 2.5 cm (1 inch) long and legs about the same length.
Most wolf spiders are dark brown. The hairy body is long and broad with stout long legs. Wolf spiders are noted for their running speed. They are easily identified by the number and arrangement of the eyes: four small eyes in the lowest row, two very large eyes in a middle row, and two small or medium-sized eyes in a top row. The jaws are prominent and strong.
Wolf spiders commonly occur in grass or under stones, logs, or leaf litter. They are especially active at night or if the sky is overcast. The eggs are contained in a gray silk sac attached to the female’s spinnerets, or silk-producing organs, so that she appears to be dragging a large ball. After hatching, the young spiders ride on the mother’s back for several days.
Most species build silk-lined tubular nests in the ground. Some conceal the entrance with rubbish; others build a turretlike structure above it. A few species spin webs.
Wolf spiders of the genus Pirata, often found near ponds or streams, have a V-shaped pale mark on the back. The abdomen often has chevronlike marks and paired yellow spots. Thin-legged wolf spiders (Pardosa), which have a lens-shaped greenish or gray egg sac, have relatively long legs with long spines on the “foot.” Burrowing wolf spiders (Geolycosa), which spend most of their lives in burrows, have heavy front legs that are used for digging. The wolf spiders with the largest bodies are mostly of the genus Lycosa, a large group that includes L. tarentula of southern Europe (see tarantula).